This article discusses the scientific rationale for the use of cytokine inhibitors, including ustekinumab, an inhibitor of the interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 pathways in psoriasis. Also addressed are the efficacy and safety data for this agent, as well as for several emerging therapies that target other cytokine pathways in psoriasis: the IL-17 inhibitors secukinumab, ixekizumab, and brodalumab,...

The olfactory mucosa of the frog was isolated, folded (the outer, ciliated side faced outward), and separately superfused with Ringers solution on each side. A small number of sensory cilia (one to three) were pulled into the orifice of a patch pipette and current was recorded from them. Fast bipolar current transients, indicating the generation of action potentials by the receptor cells, were ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selective phosphodiesterase (PDE)3 and PDE4 inhibitors on arachidonate release by alveolar macrophages from sensitized and challenged guinea-pigs. Guinea-pigs were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin administered by aerosol. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 48 h later and the PDE and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) contents ...

[3H]LY186126, an analogue of the cardiotonic agent indolidan, was shown to bind reversibly and with high affinity (Kd = 4 nM) to a single class of binding sites within canine myocardial vesicles. Binding site density measured in various cardiac membrane fractions correlated well with Ca2+-ATPase activity (r = 0.94; p less than 0.01), but not with Na+,K+-ATPase or azide sensitive ATPase, indicat...

Sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated cAMP phosphodiesterase activity was examined in microsomes prepared from the left ventricular myocardium of eight heart transplant recipients with end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and six unmatched organ donors with normal cardiac function. At cAMP concentrations < 1.0 MM, sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated cAMP phosphodiesterase activity was function...

OBJECTIVE • To review the evidence in support of the effectiveness of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS • Relevant studies were identified by performing a literature search using MEDLINE® and The Cochrane Library®. The criteria used during the search included randomized, placebo-controlled trials of trea...