the term nanosteels is called to some special steels consisting of nanosize phases (i.e. ferrite, cementite, and austenite), grains, and carbides (e.g. vanadium and m2c) produced by nanotechnology. it is proof that exotic physical, mechanical, and magnetic properties can be obtained from nanostructured steels. fabrication methods of nanostructure steels can be divided into two main categories, ...

A novel iterative phase-retrieval algorithm is developed for reconstruction of phase objects. We propose a constrained variational formulation of the phase-retrieval problem with the forward wave field propagation from the object to the measurement planes as constraints. It is assumed that noisy intensity-only observations are given at measurement planes parallel to the object plane, and the ad...

We describe a method for obtaining singlepath phase delays from GPS double differences. The resulting "zem differences" (ZDs) can be used for remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor. The method is demonstrated by simulating and observing atmospheric delay gmdients. and by comparing ZDs with pointed radiometer observations of integrated water vapor along GPS ray paths. In-situ GPS antenna phas...

the aim of this paper is to minimize output phase noise for the pure signal synthesis in the frequency synthesizers. for this purpose, first, an exact mathematical model of phase locked loop (pll) based frequency synthesizer is described and analyzed. then, an exact closed-form formula in terms of synthesizer bandwidth and total output phase noise is extracted. based on this formula, the phase ...

Observations and measurements indicate rain often has a major impact on snow slope stability. Measurements to investigate the effects of wetting of low density, alpine snow were made at Snoqualmie Pass, WA, USA. Results indicate that on first wetting, the densification rate can increase by three orders of magnitude. This initial burst of densification occurs independently of the gravitational l...

We describe recent observations and measurements realized with microstrip gas chambers (MSGCs) manufactured on boro-silicate glass coated with a thin layer of diamond-like carbon (DLC) having a surface resistivity around 4.1016Ω/❒. The role of the back-plane electrode configuration and potential in the detector performance has been studied. Even for this very high resistivity of the coatings, M...

in this paper a practical method for tropospheric effects on gps derived coordinates in absolute mode is presented. gps observations at the permanent gps stations can be used as source of information for the modeling. the developed model is a time-dependent model and as such differs from usual tropospheric models, which are based on atmospheric parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure and humidit...