Pharmacy is an ethical profession. The aim of this study was to investigate the history of pharmacy ethics in Iran. In the ancient Persia, medical and pharmaceutical ethics were related to religious rules, and everybody had to respect it. The ethical rules were similar to some current pharmacy ethics. During Islamic era, the pharmacy ethics were edited according to the Islamic rules. After intr...

1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30078, Saudi Arabia 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt 3 Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Pharmacogno...

A s current and former directors of pharmacy with a combined total of over 140 years of experience in key pharmacy administrative roles, we have over the years shared many hours of informal discussions about the pharmacy profession. We have networked and traded stories about our hospital pharmacy departments, celebrating large and small initiatives that succeeded and learning from those that fa...

This note presents a new model, called GAMMA, which is an intertemporal applied general equilibrium model of the Dutch economy. The GAMMA model draws upon CPB’s generational accounting (GA) model, but extends it in several ways in order to account for important economic behavioural effects. In particular, the GAMMA model adds to the GA model a household sector, a firm sector and a pension fund ...

1 Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 06330 Ankara, TURKEY, 2 Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, 06330 Ankara, TURKEY, 3 Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, 06100 Ankara, TURKEY, 4 Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 26470 Eskişehir, TURKEY, 5 Yeditepe Univers...

The aim of this study was to provide a clinical pharmacy education program at Masih Daneshvari hospital, a University affiliated hospital, located in Tehran, Iran. For this purpose, the most common pharmacist involved interventions and aspects of potential fields for pharmacy students and residents education was firstly identified. Clinical pharmacy interventions and drug information forms wer...

The present corpus-based lexical study reports the development of a Pharmacy Academic Word List (PAWL); a list of the most frequent words from a corpus of 3,458,445 tokens made up of 800 most recent pharmacy texts including research articles, review articles, and short communications in four sub-disciplines of pharmacy. WordSmith (Scott, 2017) and AntWordProfiler (Anthony, 2014) were used to sc...

Although community pharmacies have been the mainstay for drug distribution in the USA, plan members are encouraged to use mail-order pharmacies as a cost-containment strategy. Both channels differ with respect to reimbursement rates, utilization, and costs. We evaluated the differences in reimbursement rates and in ingredient costs between the two dispensing channels. We used pharmacy claims fr...

A. C. Littleton famously described accounting as “relative and progressive”. However, in recent historical accounting research, there has been increasing hesitation in describing accounting as “progressing”. This is largely because “progress” implies a degree not only of change but also of improvement, and historical accounting researchers, influenced by social science conventions, often regard...

Background and Aim: Cardiovascular diseases and medication errors are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Electronic prescribing and Medication Administration(ePMA) systems can prevent medication errors to some extent. This study aimed to determine the information requirements of ePMA systems. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Imam...