Field trials were conducted in Northeast Spain (Aragón) to evaluate the effectiveness of two acaricides against Varroa destructor. These experiments took into account the season of the year, apiary, colony, and developmental state and strength of the colony. The acaricides used were a synthetic (amitraz, Apivar®) and a natural (formulated from Api Life Var®, thymol oil and thymol alcohol) produ...

The varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) is an ecto-parasite of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) and is distributed worldwide. Because A. mellifera colonies almost always die within two to three years after mite infestation, if not treated, feral bee colonies (unmanaged colonies in the wild) in U.S. were almost totally wiped out by this mite around 1995, less than a decade...

Varroa destructor, the introduced parasite of European honey bees associated with massive colony deaths, spreads readily through populations of honey bee colonies, both managed colonies living crowded together in apiaries and wild colonies living widely dispersed in natural settings. Mites are hypothesized to spread between most managed colonies via phoretically riding forager bees when they en...

this research explains the morphometric characteristics of varroa destructor anderson and trueman in tehran province. 180 adult female mites were collected from three different colonies of apis mellifera l. in three apiaries during september 2003 to may 2004. these colonies were divided according to three altitudes-less than 1000m, 1000-1500m and more than 1500m above the sea level. the morphol...

Since the introduction of varroa mites (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, 2000), the impact of tracheal mites on bees has been largely overshadowed or ignored. Tracheal mites are still present in bees, and may be responsible for some unexplained colony losses. If they cause bee mortality, it is important to be able to identify their presence and at what levels. This paper illustrates a qu...

Several symbolic notions of bisimilarity have been defined for the spi calculus and the applied pi calculus. In this paper, we treat a spi calculus with a general constructor-destructor message algebra, and define a symbolic bisimilarity that is both sound and complete with respect to its concrete counterpart.

An obvious need for an updated and comprehensive study prompted this investigation of the complex of environmental costs resulting from the nation’s dependence on pesticides. Included in this assessment of an estimated $10 billion in environmental and societal damages are analyses of: pesticide impacts on public health; livestock and livestock product losses; increased control expenses resultin...

Abstract Microorganisms are natural biocatalysts capable of automatic selection and adaptation for wastewater treatment with any content organic pollutants. Microbiological destruction a wide range polycarbon compounds occurs due to the formation microbial sequence. The sequence is that end products (exometabolites) “primary” destructor-microorganisms primary substrates “secondary” destructor-m...

The present work aims to investigate the midgut bacteria of honey bee (Apis mellifera lamarckii) workers and larvae infested with Varroa destructor. To achieve this task, uninfested parasitic mites were obtained from natural bees apiaries in Qaliubiya Governorate, Egypt. Aerobic isolated A. on nutrient agar medium identified using a culture-dependent isolation along 16S rRNA sequences. results ...

In November 2018 severe downy mildew infection was observed on summer savory plants in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Leaves infected displayed chlorosis-browning the upper surfaces and abundant dark gray-brown sporulation of asexual morph lower surfaces. Based morphological characteristics molecular analyses using ITS-1 ITS-4, species identified as Peronospora saturejae-hortensis. The nucleotide s...