The present study was undertaken to develop a suitable transdermal matrix patch of Metoprolol tartrate with different proportions of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA). The prepared transdermal patches were subjected to different physicochemical evaluations such as thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, drug content, swellability, surface pH, ...

Schneider (1999) recently addressed the question of whether Ca 2 1 sparks arise from the opening of a single ryanodine receptor (RyR) channel or the simultaneous opening of several channels. The discussion highlighted the importance of single RyR channel permeation and gating in the interpretation of Ca 2 1 spark data. The Schneider (1999) perspective inspired us to extend this theoretical disc...

The oxygen permeation performance of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF) mixed-conducting multichannel hollow fiber (MCMHF) membranes was improved by surface modification via spin-spraying of a La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ (LSC) porous layer. At 1173 K, the oxygen permeation flux of the modified membranes was clearly enhanced and reached 9.68 mL·cm−2·min−1, which is a remarkable high value in the field of mixe...

Abstract: The objective of this study was to fabricate topical formulations of diclofenac diethylamine (DD) using isopropyl myristate (IPM) and isopropyl palmitate (IPP) as permeation enhancers. Franz cell and bacterial cellulose were used as analytical instrument and diffusion membrane, respectively. Permeation enhancers exhibited significant effect on the permeation characteristics of DD. It ...

PURPOSE To characterize the physicochemical properties of drug-loaded oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) Brij 97-based microemulsions in comparison to their blank counterparts and to investigate the influence of microemulsion type on in vitro skin permeation of model hydrophobic drugs and their hydrophilic salts. METHODS The microemulsion systems were composed of isopropyl palmitate (I...

Gas separation only became a major industrial application of membrane technology in the past 30 years, but the study of gas permeation through membranes has a long history. Systematic studies began with Thomas Graham who, over a period of 20 years, measured the permeation rates of all the gases then known, through every diaphragm available to him [1]. This was no small task because his experime...

Tocopherol represents a big challenge for transdermal permeation owing to its extreme hydrophobicity and large molecular mass. The aim of the present study was to develop alpha-tocopherol (T) topical formulations and evaluate their ex vivo and in vivo permeation. Franz diffusion cells were used for ex vivo permeation, and neonatal rats were used for in vivo permeation. Seven gel formulations an...

Low permeation measurements through polymer substrates is very critical and there is no definite commercial method for measuring a water vapor transmission rate of 10 gym yday at 39 8C and 95% RH at atmospheric pressure. A novel moisture y6 2 permeation measurement method and model was developed qualitatively and quantitatively with the ‘calcium degradation test’ method. It is well known that o...