Nanoemulsions (NEs) are used as transdermal drug delivery systems for systematic therapeutic purposes. We hypothesized that the skin permeation profile of an NE could be modulated by incorporating it into a hydrogel containing differing proportions of thickening agent. The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to determine the stability and skin irritability of NE gels (NGs) containing 1...

Topical fungal infections can become severe if left untreated. Efficient treatment modalities for topical fungal infections aid the penetration of antifungal agents deep into viable skin layers. Terbinafine is a fungicidal agent that inhibits ergosterol, an essential fungal component. The main objective of this study was to evaluate skin permeation and retention of a terbinafine-loaded solution...

The aim of this study was to develop lipid nanocarriers that combine tretinoin and tetracycline for the efficient topical delivery to treat acne vulgaris. Two different nanocarriers, nanoemulsions (NEs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), were prepared, and we examined their average size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation percentage, and drug permeation via the skin. The antibacterial ac...

The purpose of this research was to develop a matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system containing drug heparin sodium with different ratios of hydrophilic polymeric systems by the solvent evaporation technique by using 30% (w/w) of PEG 400 LR to the dry polymer weight, incorporated as plasticizer. Different concentrations of oleic acid and isopropyl myristate were used to enhance the transder...

Antimicrobial therapy remains to be the most important method of wound infection treatment. Systemically administered antimicrobials may not achieve therapeutic level in wound. On the other hand, in the absence of surgical debridement (due to any reason), most topically applied antimicrobials cannot penetrate the wound in therapeutic amount due to the presence of eschar. Burn eschar is a protei...

PURPOSE To characterize the physicochemical properties of drug-loaded oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) Brij 97-based microemulsions in comparison to their blank counterparts and to investigate the influence of microemulsion type on in vitro skin permeation of model hydrophobic drugs and their hydrophilic salts. METHODS The microemulsion systems were composed of isopropyl palmitate (I...

CONTEXT Buspirone HCl has very low oral bioavailability (4%) due to deactivation by extensive first pass effect. It also has very limited transdermal permeation due to its high hydrophilicity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to increase the transdermal permeation of buspirone HCl utilizing a stable dosage form. METHODS Transfersomes were prepared using Tween-80 as a flexibility impartin...

We measured unidirectional K+ in- and efflux through an inward rectifier K channel (IRK1) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The ratio of these unidirectional fluxes differed significantly from expectations based on independent ion movement. In an extracellular solution with a K+ concentration of 25 mM, the data were described by a Ussing flux-ratio exponent, n', of approximately 2.2 and was constan...

The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of cosolvent system and microemulsion formulation on in-vitro skin permeation of gabapentin, furthermore, to characterize the physicochemical properties of drug-loaded oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) cremophor 40-based microemulsions in comparison to the blank counterparts. The cosolvent system prepared by homogenous mixi...

Glutamate transport is coupled to the co-transport of 3 Na(+) and 1 H(+) followed by the counter-transport of 1 K(+). In addition, glutamate and Na(+) binding to glutamate transporters generates an uncoupled anion conductance. The human glial glutamate transporter EAAT1 (excitatory amino acid transporter 1) also allows significant passive and active water transport, which suggests that water pe...