Teeth form mainly from neuroectoderm and comprise a crown of insensitive enamel surrounding sensitive dentine and a root that has no enamel covering. Teeth contain a vital pulp (nerve) and are supported by the periodontal ligament, through which roots are attached into sockets in the alveolar bone of the jaws (maxilla and mandible). The fibres of the periodontal ligament attach through cementum...

Occlusal characteristics varies among different ethnic groups and races. Those changes which will occur between primary permanent dentition can help a Pedodontist in assessing what type of occlusion child have future

Unilateral Posterior Crossbite with functional shift of the mandible is a common condition. Early treatment of the condition may prevent adverse effects on temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles. Many treatment options have been discussed in the literature so far. During the deciduous and early mixed dentition stages, smaller forces can be used to achieve sutural expansion. When expans...

BACKGROUND Correction of orthodontic asymmetries is crucial to achieve functional occlusion, aesthetics and stability of post orthodontic treatment results. To date valid frequency data of dentofacial asymmetries in Pakistani orthodontic patients do not exist to document orthodontic treatment need. The objectives of this study were to determine frequency of dento-facial asymmetries, severity of...

Tooth ankylosis is a clinical condition, which may be an aetiological factor in the development of malocclusion. Though of unknown aetiology, it is most prevalent in the primary dentition. Its occurrence in the permanent dentition though less frequent than in the primary dentition is usually associated with trauma. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings and the most definitive diagnost...

Class III malocclusion is one of the most difficult problems to treat in the mixed dentition. It has a multifactorial etiology involving both genetic and environmental causes. The dental and skeletal effects of maxillary protraction with a facemask are well documented in several studies. Although treatment in the late mixed or early permanent dentition can be successful, results are generally b...

Occlusal characteristics varies among different ethnic groups and races. Those changes which will occur between primary permanent dentition can help a Pedodontist in assessing what type of occlusion child have future

Two studies using commercially fed cattle were conducted to determine the relationship of the USDA bone ossification-based maturity system to one based on the number of permanent incisors present at slaughter. These studies showed that 91.5 to 100% of cattle with zero permanent incisors (< 23.8 mo of age), 89.1 to 97.5% of cattle with two permanent incisors (23.8 to 30.4 mo of age), 75 to 82.2%...

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease with multiple risk factors. Vitamin D levels (VDLs) and vitamin receptor polymorphisms (VDRPs) have been investigated for this reason. The aim of narrative review to investigate the relation factors affecting deficiency (VDD), VDRP, Early Childhood Caries (ECC) Severe (S-ECC) in children (primary mixed dentition) dental adults (permanent dentition). Add...

The cyst in mixed dentition stage cause expansion of buccal cortex, displacement of teeth and may present as case of infection. The cyst in periradicular region of deciduous molar are of frequent occurrence. The differential diagnosis of this lesion is radicular cysts of deciduous molar: developmental or infammatory dentigerous cyst of corresponding unerupted premolar. After going through the a...