In 1993, the federal government passed the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which gives eligible employees twelve weeks of job-protected unpaid leave from work per year to address family issues. Employees are eligible for family leave under the FMLA if they have worked for their employer for at least a year, accumulating at least 1,250 work hours. Employers are covered if they employ at lea...

This paper analyzes the e¤ect of federal and state maternity leave policies on female employment. We analyze if the enactment of the federal Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) di¤erentially a¤ected states that previously implemented maternity leave laws at the state level than those states which did not. Additionally, we study whether FMLA caused an increase in the female employment and labor forc...

Mounting evidence across different disciplines suggests that early-life conditions can have consequences on individual outcomes throughout the life cycle. Relative to other developed countries, the United States fares poorly on standard indicators of early-life health, and this disadvantage may have profound consequences not only for population well-being, but also for economic growth and compe...

This article discusses the leading 19th century British contributions to theories of migraine pathogenesis: Edward Liveing's theory of nerve storms and Peter Wallwork Latham's vasomotor theory, providing a detailed accounts of their origin, and their rise and fall in the latter decades of the century, emphasizing the central role of William Gowers in their ultimate downfall. The article conclud...

The present paper intends to study socialization and its relationship with the newly recruited employees' intention to leave. The data have been collected out of 171 statistical samples from Pars oil and Gas Company located in Assaluye. This Company employed nearly 1200 university graduates in 2011-2012. Interviews as well as questionnaire have been used as data collection instruments. Thus two...

OBJECTIVES To describe the profile of women with children aged under 4 months living in the Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District according to their working status and to analyze the influence of maternity leave on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among working women. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with data extracted from the II National Maternal Breastfeeding Prevalenc...

The struggle to balance work responsibilities with family obligations may be most difficult for working parents of the youngest children, those five and under. Any policy changes designed to ease the difficulties for these families are likely to be controversial, requiring a careful effort to weigh both the costs and benefits of possible interventions while respecting diverse and at times confl...