Multiple studies have shown that infection with the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis confers Drosophila melanogaster and other insects with resistance to infection by RNA viruses. Studies investigating whether Wolbachia infection induces the immune system or confers protection against secondary bacterial infection have not shown any effect. These studies, however, have emphasized res...

Bats are crucial for proper functioning of an ecosystem. They provide various important services to ecosystem and environment. While, bats are well-known carrier of pathogenic viruses, their possible role as a potential carrier of pathogenic bacteria is under-explored. Here, using culture-based approach, employing multiple bacteriological media, over thousand bacteria were cultivated and identi...

Recently, a growing amount of attention has been focused on the utility of biosensors for biomedical applications. Combined with nanomaterials and nanostructures, nano-scaled biosensors are installed for biomedical applications, such as pathogenic bacteria monitoring, virus recognition, disease biomarker detection, among others. These nano-biosensors offer a number of advantages and in many res...

a variety of probiotic bacteria have been tested to control animal and foodborne pathogenic bacteria in livestock. the mechanism of inhibition of pathogenic bacteria for several of those probiotic microorganisms is mediated by the production of bacteriocins. colicins are probably the group of bacteriocins that have been most thoroughly characterized. colicins are antimicrobial proteins produced...

Antimicrobial agents are the substances, used to kills or inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in living things. Several antimicrobial therapeutic agents have been exploited to treat infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microbes such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. These agents differ in their physicochemical, pharmacological properties and in their mechanisms of action. Typicall...

Fifty-one asthmatic patients were followed for up to 18 months. During this time 111 exacerbations of wheeze were recorded. Involvement by pathogenic respiratory bacteria and viruses was looked for directly by culture and indirectly by antibody studies. Proof of infection was found in only 12 (10.8%) of the 111 exacerbations. Only eight patients provided sputum samples. Potential bacterial path...

The information available regarding microbiological aspects of bottlenose dolphins describes pathogenic bacteria associated with stranded dolphins. There are only few reports describing normal microbiota in captive animals. Bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa constitute the normal microbiota, many of these microorganisms are part of the environment, and this co-existence is usually beneficial...

Pathogens offer many of the most fascinating and well-studied examples of evolution because their speed of adaptation allows observation of evolutionary change within human lifetimes. The rapid evolution observed in pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi affect human, animal, and plant health globally. For example, influenza viruses regularly recombine genes affecting host range, infection pat...

Autophagy, a conserved pathway that delivers intracellular materials into lysosomes for degradation, is involved in development, aging, and a variety of diseases. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autophagy plays a protective role against infectious diseases by diminishing intracellular pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regula...

Bacteriophages (phages) are naturally occurring viruses of bacteria that only infect and multiply within their specific bacterial hosts [1, 2]. Their host specificity is generally restricted at strain level, species level, or, more rarely, at the genus or class level. This specificity has allowed for directed targeting and killing of pathogenic bacteria using phages in what is referred to as ph...