The detoxification of the phytoalexin brassinin to indole-3-carboxaldehyde and S-methyl dithiocarbamate is catalyzed by brassinin oxidase (BOLm), an inducible fungal enzyme produced by the plant pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Twenty-six substituted quinolines and isoquinolines are synthesized and evaluated for antifungal activity against L. maculans and inhibition of BOLm. Eleven compounds th...

The research discusses the use of flashes ultraviolet-C rays in inducing resistance against viral pathogens and possibility its employment covered houses or garden nurseries. A number tomato tobacco plants type Nicotiana tabacum, uder protected cultivation conditions, were exposed to UV-C at wavelengths 200-280 nm using an electronic LED lamp, for 5 10 minutes, all inoculated 48 hours after las...

Identification of Lgr5 as the intestinal stem cell marker as well as the growth factors necessary to replicate adult intestinal stem cell division has led to the establishment of the methods to generate "indefinite" ex vivo primary intestinal epithelial cultures, termed "mini-intestines." Primary cultures developed from isolated intestinal crypts or stem cells (termed enteroids/colonoids) and f...

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha is activated on exposure to bacterial pathogens and regulates the innate immune functions of phagocytes. We show here that the HIF-1alpha agonist mimosine can boost the capacity of human phagocytes and whole blood to kill the leading pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in a dose-dependent fashion and reduce the lesion size in a murine model of S. aureus skin inf...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus aureus is an important agent in hospital and community-associated infections, causing high morbidity and mortality. Introduction of the new antimicrobial classes for this pathogen has been usually followed by the emergence of resistant strains through multiple mechanisms. For instance, resistance to clindamycin (CLI)can be constitutive or inducible. Indu...

Macrophage C-type lectin (MCL) and macrophage inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) comprise part of an extensive repertoire of pattern recognition receptors with the ability to sense damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In this review, we cover the discovery and molecular characterization of these C-type lectin receptors, and highlight recent advances in the understanding o...

Cellular responses to pathogen invasion are crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis and survival. The interferon (IFN) system is one of the most effective cellular responses to viral intrusion in mammals. Viral recognition by innate immune sensors activates the antiviral IFN system. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) are DExD/H box RNA helicases that sense viral invas...

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–1 is activated on exposure to bacterial pathogens and regulates the innate immune functions of phagocytes. We show here that the HIF-1 agonist mimosine can boost the capacity of human phagocytes and whole blood to kill the leading pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in a dose-dependent fashion and reduce the lesion size in a murine model of S. aureus skin infection. Th...