Ureaplasma is a less recognized pathogen found in women of all ages. Women with unexplained bladder pain, urethritis, or hematuria should be screened an appropriate culture media; standard urine not sufficient. When given antibiotics effective against ureaplasma (Doxycycline twice daily for at least week) patients usually experience relief symptoms within several days.

Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles. They considered as waste-management system of cells, crucial for intercellular communication information and have emerged to be mediators pathogen transmission. Pathogen derived exosomes advance infections by suppression host immune response, transmission pathogen-related molecules evasion. The ability from the virus infected cells modulate response and/or ...