Coastal structure crest elevations are routinely designed to a specific hazard level. In the U.S., for example, levee often correspond 1 percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) overtopping rate at 90 confidence level (CL). Statistical methods compute coastal response range from simply inputting wave and water forcing conditions certain AEP into equation (i.e. event-based or frequency-based ...

The levee system in California’s Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta helps protect freshwater quality in a critical estuarine ecosystem that hosts substantial agricultural infrastructure and a large human population. We use space-based synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) to provide synoptic vertical land motion measurements of the Delta and levee system from 1995 to 2000. We find that Delt...

An understanding of rates and mechanisms of incision and knickpoint retreat in bedrock rivers is fundamental to perceptions of landscape response to external drivers, yet only sparse field data are available. Here we present eye witness accounts and quantitative surveys of rapid, amphitheatre-headed gorge formation in unweathered granite from the overtopping of a rock-cut dam spillway by small-...

DISCUSSION: Rubblemound coastal structures contain voids between individual armor units. Structure voids maximize turbulent wave energy dissipation, but also allow passage of water and sediment. The volume of sediment passing through some jetties and terminal groins can be substantial, resulting in increased channel shoaling, higher maintenance costs, and significant loss of beach material. Mos...

Wave overtopping is a critical parameter in the design of coastal defense structures. Nowadays, several empirical formulations based on small-scale experiments are available literature to predict mean discharge at dikes shallow foreshores. Although accuracy predictions has improved due each approach’s contributions, formulations’ performance depends their range applicability. In engineering app...

It is more common to introduce the parapet/recurve/wave return wall over existing structure, such as a vertical seawall or composite reduce overtopping efficiently. The advantage of recurve on top sea has been studied in past regards wave interaction and overtopping. However, their efficiency protecting inland structure during extreme events flooding tsunami unexplored. present study addresses ...