The history of life as documented by the fossil record encompasses evolutionary diversifications at scales ranging from the Ediacaran-Cambrian explosion of animal life and the invasion of land by vascular plants, insects and vertebrates to the diversification of flowering plants over the past 100 million years and the radiation of horses. Morphological novelty and innovation has been a recurren...

Abstract argumentation allows to determine in an easy, formal way which claims survive in a conflicting dispute. It works by considering claims as abstract entities, and expressing attack relationships among them. However, this level of expressiveness prevents abstract argumentation systems from being directly applied to reasoning processes where the context is relevant. An outstanding example ...

In countries having traditional medicine (TM), one of the main challenges for any researcher is research methodology. Current methodologies are different with what was in past. The main purpose of this article is to present the steps (herbs, claims and methodology) of research in TM fields. 1. Assessment of herbs History, method of study, quality assessment, efficacy, safety, toxicity and the...