Expansion of human articular chondrocytes (HACs) in serum-free medium (SFM) has been shown to be enhanced by the control of medium osmolality. HACs attained better growth when cultured at osmolalities lower than the average osmolality found in articular cartilage in vivo, although the specific causes for this improved expansion were not speculated. The aim of this study was to perform monolayer...

When terrestrial slugs (Limax maximus) are dehydrated to 65-70% of their initial body weight (IBW) their feeding responsiveness is greatly decreased. There is a 90% decrease in feeding responsiveness when slugs are injected with hyperosmotic mannitol solution that raises the haemolymph osmolality to that of slugs dehydrated to 65-70% IBW (i.e. 200 mosmol kg-1 H2O). The duration of the Feeding M...

This secondary data analysis addressed gaps in knowledge about effects of chronic water intake. Longitudinal data from the Adapt Study were used to describe effects of prescribing a sustained increase in water intake relative to baseline, for 4 weeks, on multiple indices of total body water (TBW) flux, regulation, distribution, and volume in five healthy, free-living, young men, with mean total...

Due to their unique living conditions and dietary habits, the Koreans' renal function model may be different from that of the Western people. About 40 years ago, a researcher reported that two thirds of the urine osmolality in Koreans was contributed by NaCl, while less than 1/3 by urea. It is known that the Koreans' daily consumption of NaCl is higher while their protein intake is lower, compa...

Water deprivation is associated with increased excitatory amino acid (EAA) drive of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), but the mechanism is unknown. This study tested the hypotheses that the increased EAA activity is mediated by decreased blood volume and/or increased osmolality. This was first tested in urethane-anesthetized rats by determining whether bilateral microinjection of kynure...

The effect of early bilateral pyelonephritis on urinary concentrating ability was studied in rats injected intravenously with enterococci or Staphylococcus aureus and in rats inoculated with Escherichia coli into the medullae of both kidneys. The mean maximum urinary osmolality of normal rats was 2352 mOsm/kg of water. Inoculation of E. coli caused reversible pyelonephritis with sterilization o...

OBJECTIVE The qualitative recommendation to 'drink water instead of caloric beverages' may facilitate pediatric obesity treatment by lowering total energy intake. The quantitative recommendation to 'drink enough water to dilute urine' might further facilitate weight loss by increasing fat oxidation via cell hydration-mediated changes in insulin. METHODS This 8 week randomized intervention tes...

Twenty children from 2 months to 7 years (mean age 2.74 years +/- 1.62) diagnosed to have tuberculous meningitis (TBM) were evaluated for serial serum sodium levels and osmolality of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and urine on admission and the results compared with 20 age and nutritionally matched controls, and these investigations repeated on day 3 and day 10. Mean serum sodium levels (130....

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the cost of unenhanced MR imaging with that of CT with high- or low-osmolality contrast agents for abdominal or pelvic imaging in patients at risk for nephrotoxic effects induced by contrast material. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using decision analysis, we evaluated direct medical care costs associated with the use of CT with high- or low-osmolalit...

Acute infusion of hypertonic fluid increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) in part by elevating nonrenal sympathetic activity. However, it is not known whether chronic, physiological increases in osmolality also increase sympathetic activity. To test this hypothesis, MAP, heart rate (HR), and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) were measured in conscious, 48-h water-deprived rats (WD) durin...