Traditionally political scientists have conceived of political participation as oriented toward the political sphere, particularly the political system, and involving people who join together in various kinds of groups to make claims on government. Real-life examples as well as empirical and theoretical studies in the social sciences show that it is high time for us to rethink this view of poli...

this paper reviews the elegy themes of imam hussein (as) in the epic of ‘eid ghadir’ composed by christian poet boolos salama, and begins with the introduction of the ashura literature and especially poetry surrounding imam hussein. this article talks about the laborious life of poet and his compilations especially his great islamic epic, which is famous in the field of literature, and also tal...

this papers examines the counsel of the formation of the expediency discernment council in the islamic republic of iran. it aims to analyse the reasons why late imam khomeini decided to form the council. having demonstrated the reasons for the formation of the council, its functions, duties and responsibilities, the article pays a particular attention to the late imam khomeini. it shows that th...

We examine whether individual differences in needs for security and certainty predict conservative (vs. liberal) position on both cultural and economic political issues and whether these effects are conditional on nation-level characteristics and individual-level political engagement. Analyses with cross-national data from 51 nations reveal that valuing conformity, security, and tradition over ...

Political parties have been the subject of a recent resurgent interest among political philosophers, with prominent contributions spanning liberal to socialist literatures arguing for more positive appraisal role in operation democratic representation and public deliberation. In this article, I argue similar re-evaluation within contemporary republicanism. Contemporary republicanism displays wa...

Abstract The history of political philosophy serves as a valuable resource for the current research paradigms in science. In comparative terms, paradigm Western is essentially “change-oriented” and tends to shift constantly with its evolving thoughts. Due influence bourgeois revolutions around world, contemporary politics has transpired synopsis governance established order. As “governing strat...