Abstract Introduction Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), which are used by over a quarter of reproductive-age women in the United States (Daniels et al., 2015; Jones 2013), contain either both ethinylestradiol and synthetic progestin, or solely progestin. Through progestin-induced hepatic increases sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), OCPs have been found to reduce number bioavailable androgens w...

This guidance document by the British Menopause Society provides recommendations on the assessment and management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). The consequences of POI are related to the decline in ovarian function and estrogen deficiency associated with the condition. These can be short-term menopausal symptoms and long-term effects on bone and cardiovascular health, cog...

oral contraceptive pills have several side effects especially on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. absorption of low dose (ld) pills by the vaginal route avoids the first pass of the steroids through these tracts and probably has fewer side effects. this study was a cohort study for evaluation of side effects and acceptability of ld pills administered by the vaginal route. in a clinical tri...

Oral contraceptive pills have several side effects especially on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Absorption of low dose (LD) pills by the vaginal route avoids the first pass of the steroids through these tracts and probably has fewer side effects. This study was a cohort study for evaluation of side effects and acceptability of LD pills administered by the vaginal route. In a clinical...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the hormonal contraceptive practices of female university students aged ≤ 25 years, their menstrual bleeding frequency, and interest in contraceptive regimens that reduce menstrual frequency or duration. STUDY DESIGN A 20-item questionnaire was distributed to female students at Griffith University, Gold Coast campus. This included questions relating to: demographics,...

BACKGROUND Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are one of the most reliable methods of contraception. However, lack of knowledge about oral contraceptive use and inconsistent pill-taking might result in decreased efficacy. The study reported here aimed to explore women's knowledge about oral contraceptive use and assess the factors associated with knowledge about OCPs among users. METHODS This cr...

Of the 109 specialist female physical education students who answered a detailed questionnaire on menstruation and the contraceptive pill in relation to exercise, 91 (83.5%) reported that they suffered menstrual problems. These included stomach ache, depression, abdominal cramps and backache. Over two-thirds of the students considered that these problems adversely influenced their physical perf...

BACKGROUND With the recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of a combination oral contraceptive that causes a withdrawal bleed every 3 months instead of monthly, avoidance of menstruation through extended or continuous administration (>28 days of active pills) of combined oral contraceptives may become more commonplace for reasons of personal preference rather than limited to treatment ...

CONTEXT Pregnancies among contraceptive users account for nearly half of all unintended pregnancies and are almost entirely due to inconsistent or incorrect contraceptive use. Understanding what factors contribute to inconsistent contraceptive behavior can help efforts to reduce unintended pregnancy. METHODS In 2004, a nationally representative sample of women aged 18-44 using reversible cont...