An experiment on polysaccharides from Rhodiolae Radix (PRR) extraction was carried out using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method with an objective to establishing the optimum MAE conditions of PRR. Single factor experiments were performed to determine the appropriate range of extraction conditions, and the optimum conditions were obtained using orthogonal experiment design. The results s...

AbstmctDetection of the existence of a desired user is considered in this paper. We assume that the signal to noise ratio is high enough to ignore the effects of noise compared with those of the interference by other users. The inter-user interference and user signals are modeled by the Nakagami model. The observation model for this situation is proposed, the locally optimum test statistic is d...

We consider the optimum north-south elongation for the Millimeter Array A con guration and interferometric arrays in general. The optimum elongation depends primarily on the observational requirements of the array, with a very weak dependance on the latitude. Assuming that the Millimeter Array A con guration will be used primarily for long integrations, we nd that the optimum north-south axis r...

The voltage on a single-turn loop inside an enclosure characterizes the enclosure shielding effectiveness against a lightning insult. In this paper, the maximum induced voltage on a single-turn loop inside an enclosure from lightning coupling to a metal enclosure wall is expressed in terms of two multiplicative factors: (A) the normalized enclosure wall peak penetration ratio (i.e., ratio of th...

If the distances of TSP satisfy the triangle inequality, the minimum-cost-spanning tree (MST) heuristics produces a tour whose length is guaranteed to be less than 2 times the optimum tour length and Christofides’ heuristics generates the 3/2 times the optimum tour length. Otherwise, the quality of the approximation is hard to evaluate. Here a four vertices and three lines inequality is used to...

We investigate the energy optimization (minimization) for amplified links. We show that using the using a well-established analytic nonlinear signal-to-noise ratio noise model that for a simple amplifier model there are very clear, fiber independent, amplifier gains which minimize the total energy requirement. With a generalized amplifier model we establish the spacing for the optimum power per...

In this study, the influence air fuel ratio and injection timing on the engine performance of 4-cylinder direct injection hydrogen fueled engine was investigated. The effect of air fuel ratio (AFR) and engine speed on optimum injection timing is presented. The 4-cylinder direct injection hydrogen engine model was developed utilizing the GTPower commercial software. This model employed one dimen...

While adaptive adjustment of sex ratio in the function of colony kin structure and food availability commonly occurs in social Hymenoptera, long-term studies have revealed substantial unexplained between-year variation in sex ratio at the population level. In order to identify factors that contribute to increased between-year variation in population sex ratio, we conducted a comparative analysi...