A small amount of N2 gas is needed to increase the efficiency of optical pumping by suppressing radiation trapping. In addition, the intensity of the D2 fluouresnense and the rate of beam induced relaxation also depend on the N2 density.

Enantio-conversion with the help of electromagnetic fields is an essential issue due to chirality dependence many chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical processes. Here, we propose a method for this based on five-level double-$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ model chiral molecules. By utilizing breaking left-right symmetry in two $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$-type substructures, can establish ...