Mitogen-activated protein kinases/Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway is essential for migration and invasion of malignant glioma. It is efficient to inhibit migration and invasion of glioma cells by targeting this pathway. Oleanolic acid (OA) has been well demonstrated to suppress survival, growth and angiogenesis of glioma cells. However, it is still unknown if OA affects...

INTRODUCTION Medulloepithelioma is a rare congenital tumor of the primitive medullary neuroepithelium. A significant proportion of patients with medulloepithelioma arising from the optic nerve die from intracranial spread or cerebral metastasis. Because it has no known distinct clinical features and because of its low frequency, this tumor presents within the first two to six years of life and ...

We present a case of sarcoidosis in a 14-year-old girl who presented with a short history of visual disturbance. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated enlargement of the optic chiasm and prechiasmic optic nerves. Post-contrast MRI showed marginal enhancement of the affected areas of the optic pathways. A diagnosis of optic nerve glioma and arachnoid gliomatosis w...

Bennett.-Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K., Vol. XXI, p. 43, 1901. Collins.-(1) Ibid., Vol. XL, p. 406; (2) Researches Anat. and Path. of Eye, London, p. 33, 1896; (3) Trans. Ophthal Soc. U.K., Vol. XV, p. 104, 1895; (4) Ibid., Vol. XXXVI, p. 403, 1916. Dub.-Archiv f..Oihthal., Vol. XXXVII, pp. 4, 26. Duke-Elder.-Recent Advances in Ophthalmology. London, 2nd Edit., 1929. Edmunds.-Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., ...

Examination.-The left eye was markedly proptosed (Fig. 1, opposite) and displaced downwards and inwards. The ocular movements were restricted in all directions and elevation was completely absent. The lid movements were normal and the patient could close the eyevoluntarily. The conjunctival vessels were engorged. The pupil was dilated and fixed, with no perception of light. The left optic disc ...

This series of experiments tested the assimilation and efficacy of tactile messages that were created based on five common military arm and hand signals. We compared the response times and accuracy rates for these tactile representations against responses to equivalent visual representations of the same messages. Experimentally, such messages were displayed in either tactile or visual forms alo...

PURPOSE To determine whether p16, a molecular marker of cellular senescence, and CD68, a microglial marker, are detectible in optic nerve glioma tissue stored for decades, thus providing potential targets for pharmacologic intervention. METHODS Cases were retrieved from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology. Clinical information was tabulated. In specimens w...

The mammalian circadian system is controlled by a central oscillator located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, in which glia appears to play a prominent role. Gliomas originate from glial cells and are the primary brain tumors with the highest incidence and mortality. Optic pathway/hypothalamic gliomas account for 4-7% of all pediatric intracranial tumors. Given the anato...