The expectation of a random variable is its average value, where each value is weighted according to the probability that it comes up. The expectation is also called the expected value or the mean of the random variable. For example, suppose we select a student uniformly at random from the class, and let R be the student’s quiz score. Then E [R] is just the class average —the first thing everyo...

Zusammenfassung The analysis of space-semantic oppositions – as developed by Jurij Lotman and extended Karl Renner Hans Krah plays a much greater role in analysing prose than poetry. However, the focus on spatial temporal oppositions, connection topological semantic features subspaces, well possible borders their potential crossing can make significant contribution to interpretation lyrical tex...

In the context of understanding motivations for clinical research participation, many authors consider issues such as informed consent and how patients perceive the research method and process. However, many investigations focus only on one method of research, most commonly the randomised controlled trial. Understanding how chronically ill members of one specific patient group respond to all re...

How can we as educators address complex and controversial topics in the social sciences without encouraging simplistic responses and self-reproducing binary oppositions? Drawing upon an ethnographic analysis of a fi rst-year writing seminar on the history of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, this article proposes novel approaches to overcome instinctive reactions to contentious topics. Arguing t...

We report the results of the first comparative study of the determinants and effects of patent oppositions in Europe and of reexaminations on corresponding patents issued in the United States. The analysis is based on a data set consisting of matched European Patent Office (EPO) and U.S. patents. Our analysis focuses on two broad technology categories—biotechnology and pharmaceuticals and compu...

In this paper, we present a series of experiments in which we analyze the usage of graffiti style features for signaling personal gang identification in a large, online street gangs forum, with an accuracy as high as 83% at the gang alliance level and 72% for the specific gang. We then build on that result in predicting how members of different gangs signal the relationship between their gangs ...

One of the typical binaries existing in western society is the division between natural and artificial. But similarly biological and technological are often seen as oppositions. In today’s world, it is increasingly difficult to tell the difference between naturalbiological entities from artificially constructed ones with human cognitive abilities. This is due to the development of biotechnologi...

Rough set theory (RST) and formal concept analysis (FCA) are two formal settings in information management, which have found applications in learning and in data mining. Both rely on a binary relation. FCA starts with a formal context, which is a relation linking a set of objects with their properties. Besides, a rough set is a pair of lower and upper approximations of a set of objects induced ...

The Estonian three-way quantity system is usually described by a robust foot-level compensatory mechanism of the stressed and the unstressed syllable durations. Beneath the three-way foot-level contrast, the quantity oppositions can be realized by seven different segmental combinations of the initial vowel and the following intervocalic consonant length. In this work we investigated the effects...