Educators often employ various training techniques to reduce raters’ subjectivity. Negotiation is a technique which can assist novice raters to co-construct a shared understanding of the writing assessment when rating collaboratively. There is little research, however, on rating behaviors of novice raters while employing negotiation techniques and the effect of negotiation on their understandin...

The agenda of trade negotiation in the agri-food sector is characterized by an exponential increase sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). Their joint effect on puzzling still open empirical question. Once assessed standards provided SPS measures, study evaluates how regulatory cooperation commitments beyond World Organization requirements affect between sig...

In a recent article in the American Economic Review, Kyle Bagwell and Robert W. Staiger (1999, hereafter B & S) have made a major contribution to answering the oft-posed puzzle (p. 215): What can governments gain from a trade agreement? Their answer is that:. .. a trade agreement is appealing provided that an inefficiency. .. exists under unilateral tariff setting.. .. Previous authors have est...

This paper considers the negotiation and enforcement of trade agreements in an environment where countries negotiate repeatedly through time. The idea that countries choose trade policies repeatedly through time has been widely applied in the literature on trade agreements, and has motivated the use of subgame perfect equilibrium as a mechanism for enforcing agreements. We argue that this same ...

for a long time, culture has been an influencing parameter in negotiations. growth of international trades and business competitions has increased the importance of negotiations among countries and different cultures. developing new technologies, particularly the use of artificial intelligence in electronic trading areas, has provided us with the application of intelligent agents to resolve cha...

E-negotiation handles negotiation over the Internet without human supervision and has shown effectiveness in concluding verifiable and more favorable agreements in a reasonably short time. In this chapter, the authors discuss the negotiation system and its components with particular emphasis on negotiation strategies. A negotiation strategy defines strategic tactics, which advise on the proper ...

Using a novel audit methodology, we show that reputation concerns and norms against price gouging can lead to breakdown in ex post efficient trade. Sellers in a market in India do not use their increased bargaining power to charge higher prices when customers have a shock, but, rather, forgo the order. However, when customers offer a higher price, sellers are significantly more likely to accept...

The Doha multilateral round of trade negotiations sponsored by the WTO has been dragging on for over a decade, with no end in sight. In this short paper we assess empirically what determines the duration of trade negotiations, focusing on the span between the start of trade talks and their conclusion. We use data from 88 regional trade agreements between 1988 and 2009, and a semi-parametric Cox...

abstract t his paper explains bilateral trade patterns between south korea and thirteen opec member countries over the period 1980-2014 using a gravity model. the estimation results show that the gravity equation fits the data reasonably well. we confirmed the existence of long term relationships between the bilateral trade flows and the main components of gravity model - gdp, income (gdp per c...