Protecting sharks from overexploitation has become global priority after widespread population declines have occurred. Tracking catches and trade on a species-specific basis has proven challenging, in part due to difficulties in identifying processed shark products such as fins, meat, and liver oil. This has hindered efforts to implement regulations aimed at promoting sustainable use of commerc...

This study aims to analyze the impact of ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) on 4 major exports plantation commodities (including coffee, cocoa, rubber, and palm oil) in Indonesia. The trade is measured based occurrence creation or diversion. negative coefficient as result dummy FTA (Free Area) measurement indicates presence Meanwhile, positive creation. examines export Indonesia China compared...

A number of reasons have motivated our choice of oil, along with its past and expected future price evolution, as the subject in focus for the present book. A fi rst reason is the importance of oil in the world economy. In the early 2010s, the annual production value of this commodity, when measured at international prices, could be assessed at between $3500 and $4000 billion. World oil exports...

this paper is analysing the role of economic reforms on the labour market in iranian industry in economic reform period (1990-2005), and in turn, it is comparing it with closed economic period (1979-1989). in order to do the above comparative analysis, the manufacturing industry has been categorized based on hecksher-ohlin and gause methodology. accordingly, we have some industrial groups, incl...

Improving living standards amidst falling oil prices among countries relying heavily on an ample supply of oil presents numerous challenges. Therefore, the relationship associated with oil price changes with identifiable metrics that explain standards of living becomes critical. The following issues are presented in this paper: the management of wealth; sustaining a standard of living; peculiar...

We study the overall topological structure properties of global oil trade network, such as degree, strength, cumulative distribution, information entropy and weight clustering. The structural evolution of the network is investigated as well. We find the global oil import and export networks do not show typical scale-free distribution, but display disassortative property. Furthermore, based on t...

The cone photoreceptors of many vertebrates contain spherical organelles called oil droplets. In birds, turtles, lizards and some lungfish the oil droplets are heavily pigmented and function to filter the spectrum of light incident upon the visual pigment within the outer segment. Pigmented oil droplets are beneficial for colour discrimination in bright light, but at lower light levels the redu...

An important decision in the development of a mixed oil and natural gas field is whether to produce or re-inject the natural gas. There is a trade-off between the income from the sale of natural gas and the higher oil production obtained from re-injection. We consider the optimal timing problem of when to stop natural gas injection for a set of offshore petroleum fields using a real options app...