This paper calculates the optimal gasoline tax for the state of California. According to our analysis, the optimal gasoline tax in California is $1.37/gallon, which is over 3 times the current California tax when excluding sales taxes. The Pigovian tax is the largest part of this tax, comprising $0.85/gallon. Of this, the congestion externality is taxed the most heavily, at $0.27, followed by o...

iea Introduction Concern about war between some Western countries and Iraq has mounted in recent weeks. War with Iraq may have important economic consequences as well as political and security-related consequences. First-order consequences might include increased oil prices and also higher defence expenditure at a time when it appears that tax revenues will be rising much more slowly than gover...

Reduced oil revenues since 2014 are stimulating tradable sectors in oil-exporting countries. I use an open economy model with internal and external trade costs to investigate the prospects for reverse Dutch disease African countries a comparative advantage agriculture. While falling resource lead factors of production shift into agriculture, remote farmers can lose when make agricultural goods ...

by using a model of development, called developmental state, which appeared during the history of development in east asia region, the current essay tries to present a review on possibility of iran’s transition to economic development. it is supposed that the ground is prepared for iran’s transition to development through effective state intervention in economy. unlimited access of iran to a ve...