Ocular diseases may be treated via different routes of administration, such as topical, intracameral, intravitreal, oral and parenteral. Among them the topical route is most accepted by patients, although it provides in many cases lowest bioavailability. Indeed, when a formulation reaches precorneal area, i.e., drug absorption and/or action site, rapidly eliminated due to eye protection mechani...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic neurological disease that affects brain and spinal cord. the infratentorial region contains the cerebellum and brainstem. vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (vemps) are short-latency myogenic responses. cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cvemp) is a manifestation of vestibulocolic reflex and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potent...

The vertebrate vestibular system detects linear (otolith organs) and angular (semicircular canals) acceleration. The function of the otolith system is twofold, 1: perception of linear acceleration of the head, and 2: assessment of the spatial orientation of the head relative to the vector of gravity. Because of the latter function, a change of gravity will affect the vestibular input which, in ...

A series of direct photographic measurements of corneal reflex positions was taken to reconcile discrepant interpretations of the Hirschberg test. A value of 21 prism diopters per millimeter was obtained for the conversion factor relating ocular rotations to reflex displacement, valid over a range of 200 prism D. Quantitative interpretation of routine clinical photographs of strabismic patients...

The motor system responds to perturbations with reflexes, such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex or stretch reflex, whose gains adapt in response to novel and fixed changes in the environment, such as magnifying spectacles or standing on a tilting platform. Here we demonstrate a reflex response to shifts in the hand's visual location during reaching, which occurs before the onset of voluntary reac...

Individual motoneuron responses to a variety of afferent inputs have been examined. At a given input some motoneurons respond to every trial, some to no trial, and some respond to a certain percentage of trials that is characteristic for the motoneuron at that input. The performance of a motoneuron is expressed by means of a firing index that relates the number of responses to the number of tri...

This study investigated startle reflex modulation in 33 healthy student participants during the processing of negated emotional items. To build upon previous research, our particular interest was to find out whether processing of negated emotional items modulates emotional responding in line with the logical meaning of the negated expression, or instead leads to paradox emotional effects that p...

The principle of the monosynaptic reflex used as a tool to explore the excitability of the motoneurones (MNs) is explained and the general methodology of the H reflex is described. The different drawbacks inherent in the technique are then considered: mechanisms other than the monosynaptic la excitation of MNs contributing to the H reflex size (limitation of the H reflex size by disynaptic IPSP...

Experiments were done to determine the amplitude of the monosynaptically mediated H-reflex of the soleus muscle at various phases of the step cycle, using a computer-based analysis procedure. In all subjects tested the amplitude of the H-reflex was strongly modulated in amplitude during the walking cycle and was highest during the stance phase. In many subjects the peak reflex amplitude occurre...