The reaction of pepper breeding lines under organic production conditions to Verticillium wilt, viruses and phytoplasma was observed at Maritsa Vegetable Crop Research Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria during two successive years. diseases severity recorded, when symptoms dahliae, Phytoplasma were deeply expressed. dahliae attack index for early varied widely from 15.04% line O58/14 43.83% O26/16. F...

Cet article analyse la contribution fiscale d’un grand nombre d’entreprises maliennes (3 474) qui représentent totalité du secteur formel de ce pays. En utilisant des données individuelles collectées à partir bilans et comptes résultat, nous estimons les déterminants taux d’imposition implicites tels que taille l’entreprise, sa loc...

Based on first-hand account, this paper offers evidence on price setting and price adjustment mechanisms that were illegally employed under the Soviet planning and rationing regime. The evidence is anecdotal, and is based on personal experience during the years 1960–1971 in the Republic of Georgia. The description of the social organization of the black markets and other illegal economic activi...

This paper investigates the effects of inequality in the presence of voluntary risk-sharing. In any period, an agent’s resources are composed of his share of a secure endowment (wealth, land) and a random component (labor income). To be sure, the distribution of wealth does not affect the Pareto optimal payoff vectors but, by changing the autarchic utilities, affects the set of these payoff vec...

Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes: An Application to Informality This paper discusses a set of statistics for examining and comparing labor market dynamics based on the estimation of continuous time Markov transition processes. It then uses these to establish stylized facts about dynamic patterns of movement using panel data from Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. ...

We posit that autocrats introduce local elections when their bureaucratic capacity is low. Local exploit citizens’ informational advantage in keeping officials accountable, but they also weaken vertical control. As increases, the autocrat limits role of elected bodies to regain argue these insights can explain introduction village rural China and subsequent erosion autonomy years later. constru...

We examine the impact of economic deregulation on employer evasion of union-mandated ‘formal’ wage-contracts in an import-competing industry. We show that, if the state maintains industrial employment despite import liberalisation, through cheaper credit to firms, then employer evasion will increase, due to a rise in the formal-informal wage gap. Institutional delays in punishment of employer e...

This study explores the importance of cross-border social networks for entrepreneurship in developing countries by examining ties between the Indian expatriate community and local entrepreneurs in India’s software industry. We find that local entrepreneurs who are based in cities with weaker formal institutions rely significantly more on diaspora networks for business leads and financing. Relyi...