Both the existence and the cause of protection, by nonpenetrating solutes such as sugars, against freezing injury to plant cells have been alternatively and repeatedly proclaimed and questioned for some time. Since theories of the mechanism of frost injury have been both rejected (8) and proposed (2, 3) on the basis of this protection, it is of fundamental importance to understand the reasons f...

BACKGROUND Case fatality rates after all types of blunt injury have not improved since 1994 in England and Wales, possibly because not all patients with severe head injury are treated in a neurosurgical centre. Our aims were to investigate the case fatality trends in major trauma patients with and without head injury, and to establish the effect of neurosurgical care on mortality after severe h...

Practitioners frequently have the opportunity to manage the child for whom the chief complaint is a swollen eye. Some children have trivial or self-limited disorders, but others can have sight- or life-threatening problems. Noninfectious causes of the swollen eye include blunt trauma, tumor, local edema, and allergy. Infectious causes can be preseptal or orbital in origin. The differential diag...

A 15-year-old boy developed a superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm as a result of blunt trauma to the left temporal area. The diagnosis was based on the ultrasonographic appearance. The left temporal region was explored, and haemostasis resulted in complete resolution of the swelling.

BACKGROUND Despite many studies addressing potential impact of helicopter transport on trauma mortality, debate as to the efficacy of air transport continues. METHODS This retrospective study combined trauma registry data from five urban Level I adult and pediatric centers. Logistic regression assessed effect of helicopter transport on mortality while adjusting for age, sex, transport year, r...

Maximum acceleration and the head injury criterion (HIC) are both used as indicators of likely head injury severity. A dataset has previously been published of impacts of an instrumented missile on four ground surfaces having a layer of between 0 and 16 cm of sand. The dataset is compared with recently-developed theory that predicts power-function dependence of maximum acceleration and HIC on d...

INTRODUCTION Nonoperative and minimally invasive management techniques for both blunt and penetrating renal trauma have become standard of care over the past decades. We sought to examine the modern epidemiology of renal trauma over the past decade. METHODS A systematic review of PubMed from the past decade was conducted to examine adult and pediatric renal trauma. A total of 605 articles wer...