Dry granular systems respond to shear by a process of self-organization that is nonlocal in nature. This study reveals the interplay between topological, kinematical and force signature this during banding an sample angular sand. Using Level-Set Discrete Element simulations in-situ triaxial compression experiment, complex networks techniques, we identify communities similar topology (cycles), k...

This paper presents a constrained adaptive dynamic programming (CADP) algorithm to solve general nonlinear nonaffine optimal control problems with known dynamics. Unlike previous ADP algorithms, it can directly deal state constraints. Firstly, generalized policy iteration (CGPI) framework is developed handle constraints by transforming the traditional improvement process into optimization probl...