I. THE COMBATANT’S PRIVILEGE IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS ................................... 342 A. Functional Requirements for Belligerency ........................................................................... 345 B. Belligerency Requirements for Regular Armed Forces ........................................................ 348 C. Policy Arguments in Favor of a NIAC Privilege ......

This paper examines the effect of conflict on agricultural production of small-farmers. First, we develop an intertemporal model of agricultural production in which the impact of conflict is transmitted through two channels: violent shocks and uncertainty brought by conflict. The model shows how conflict induces sub-optimal agricultural decisions in terms of land use and investment. We test the...

In armed internal conflict, violence against civilians is frequent. For insurgent groups, so-called terrorist acts are an important part of conflict with the state and yet there are numerous unanswered questions about the role and uses of terrorism during these conflicts. This paper examines the causes of terrorism in the context of a larger struggle between a state and insurgent groups. In par...

‎In this paper we prove that a finite group $G$ having at most three‎ ‎conjugacy classes of non-normal non-abelian proper subgroups is‎ ‎always solvable except for $Gcong{rm{A_5}}$‎, ‎which extends Theorem 3.3‎ ‎in [Some sufficient conditions on the number of‎ ‎non-abelian subgroups of a finite group to be solvable‎, ‎Acta Math‎. ‎Sinica (English Series) 27 (2011) 891--896.]‎. ‎Moreover‎, ‎we s...

How do natural disasters affect the treatment of civilians by non-state actors? On one hand, conflict literature argues that adverse shocks influence strategic interplay between rebel groups and government, potentially increasing level violence against civilians. other sociological research on they increase social integration cooperation are thus expected to reduce risk violent behaviour. In th...

With an aggressive illicit transnational trade along a vastly porous borderline in the North East region of Nigeria, country not at war but highly militarized with overstretched security agencies, outdated over six decades Firearms law and vulnerable civilian populace seeking firearms self-protection or otherwise; are all tones needed for proliferations small arms Light weapons. It was against ...

UCT, a state-of-the art algorithm for Monte Carlo tree sampling (MCTS), is based on UCB, a sampling policy for the Multi-armed Bandit Problem (MAB) that minimizes the accumulated regret. However, MCTS differs from MAB in that only the final choice, rather than all arm pulls, brings a reward, that is, the simple regret, as opposite to the cumulative regret, must be minimized. This ongoing work a...

Emission profiles of the Galactic plane in K and at 240μm are presented, and features associated with the tangents of the spiral arms are identified. In the K band, which traces stellar emission and suffers little from absorbtion, features associated with the arm tangents indicate that a two-armed logarithmic spiral dominates the nonaxisymmetric structure of the Milky Way. In contrast, the 240μ...

Emission profiles of the Galactic plane in K and at 240μm are presented, and features associated with the tangents of the spiral arms are identified. In the K band, which traces stellar emission and suffers little from absorbtion, features associated with the arm tangents indicate that a two-armed logarithmic spiral dominates the nonaxisymmetric structure of the Milky Way. In contrast, the 240μ...