human parvovirus b19 is a very common viral infection especially in school-aged children. the infection during pregnancy can affect the fetus due to lack of mother's immunity. although, there is still no evidence of fetal teratogenic effects with parvovirus b19, but non-immune fetal hydrops and abortion may be caused by vertical transmission of the virus during pregnancy. this study was aimed t...

In renal transplantation, BK-virus (BKV)-associated nephropathy has emerged as a major complication, with a prevalence of 1-10% and graft loss in >50% of cases. BKV is a member of the polyomavirus family and rarely induces apparent clinical disease in the general population. However, replication of polyomaviruses, associated with significant organ disease, is observed in patients with acquired ...

Immune defenses provide resistance against infectious disease that is critical to survival. But immune defenses are costly, and limited resources allocated to immunity are not available for other physiological or developmental processes. We propose a framework for explaining variation in patterns of investment in two important subsystems of anti-pathogen defense: innate (non-specific) and acqui...

CXC chemokines have been found to be important in the regulation of angiogenesis and tumor-related immunity, and in promoting organ-specific metastases. This review highlights the importance of CXC chemokine ligands and receptors in mediating non-small cell lung cancer tumor-associated angiogenesis, "immunoangiostasis," and organ-specific metastases. These findings may ultimately lead to clinic...

Leishmania vaccines that protect against needle challenge fail against the potency of a Leishmania-infected sand fly transmission. Here, we demonstrate that intradermal immunization of mice with 500 ng of the sand fly salivary recombinant protein LJM11 (rLJM11) from Lutzomyia longipalpis, in the absence of adjuvant, induces long-lasting immunity that results in ulcer-free protection against Lei...

We randomized 115 children to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) or placebo. Over the following 9 months, TIV recipients had an increased risk of virologically-confirmed non-influenza infections (relative risk: 4.40; 95% confidence interval: 1.31-14.8). Being protected against influenza, TIV recipients may lack temporary non-specific immunity that protected against other respiratory ...

For many economically important diseases of poultry, there is an increasing interest to develop drug-free alternative control strategies against many infectious diseases due to increasing consumersâ€TM concerns about chemical residues in poultry meat. One promising new avenue to achieve this goal is the use of natural and herbal products, hyperimmune IgY antibodies, oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs)...