Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan are microbial products recognized by Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, respectively. LPS has been found to cause behavioural alterations indicative of sickness and depressed mood. The effect of peptidoglycan on exploratory and affective behaviour has not yet been explored, although i...

Septic shock is one of the most significant health concerns across world, involving hypo-perfusion and defects in tissue energy. The current study investigates role NLR family CARD domain containing protein 4 (NLRC4) septic shock-induced inflammatory reactions, lung injuries, dendritic cell (DC) apoptosis. mice models were established by modified cecal ligation puncture injected with retroviral...

Mast cells are among the first cells of our immune system to encounter exogenous danger. Intracellular receptors such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod) play an important role in responding to invading pathogens. Here, we have investigated the response of human mast cells to the Nod1 ligand M-TriDAP. Human cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMCs) were activated with M-TriDAP alone,...

Intracellular pattern-recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2 are capable of sensing common structural units of bacterial walls. Recognition triggers specific immune signalling pathways and leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation and adequate immune response. We investigated whether two functional polymorphisms in NOD1 and NOD2 exert an effect on susceptibility to (STD patients) and severit...

PURPOSE The innate immune receptor NOD2 is a genetic cause of uveitis (Blau syndrome). Intriguingly, in the intestine where polymorphisms of NOD2 predispose to Crohn's disease, NOD2 reportedly suppresses inflammation triggered by the bacterial cell wall component, peptidoglycan (PGN). Whether NOD2 exerts a similar capacity in the regulation of ocular inflammation to PGN has not been explored. ...

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) play a crucial role in the induction of the defense reactions of the immune system against pathogenic bacterial and viral infections. The activation of PRR by specific, highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induces numerous immune reactions related both to innate and adaptive immunity. In addition to the well-studied Toll-like recept...

Escherichia coli is a frequent cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. It has been shown that a prompt response of the mammary gland after E. coli entry into the lumen of the gland is required to control the infection, which means that the early detection of bacteria is of prime importance. Yet, apart from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), little is known of the bacterial components which are detecte...

BACKGROUND The innate immune system recognizes pathogens via its pattern recognition receptors. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins, a family of the novel bacterial pattern recognition receptors, in host responses to the gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were infected...