We examine a vertically differentiated duopoly where firms invest in process and product innovation and then compete in prices under full market coverage. We show that (i) process and product innovation are complements (substitutes) for the low-quality (high-quality) firm; (ii) the firm which is initially more efficient invests more than the rival in process innovation; (iii) if the initial dif...

Understanding how quickly landowners regenerate their timberlands after harvest is critical to developing policies to improve forest productivity. Using survey data from 81 counties in Mississippi from 1996 to 2006, this study investigated the length of the time interval between harvest and reforestation. Non-parametric duration analysis was used to examine how long NIPF landowners waited to re...

We study 3-dimensional Ricci solitons which project via a semi-conformal mapping to a surface. We reformulate the equations in terms of parameters of the map; this enables us to give an ansatz for constructing solitons in terms of data on the surface. A complete description of the soliton structures on all the 3-dimensional geometries is given, in particular, non-gradient solitons are found on ...

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been successfully employed in nanoscale patterning, however, it is known to have limitations in replicating large-scale (hundreds of microns and larger) and nanoscale patterns simultaneously. In this letter, we present a novel lithographic technique that integrates photolithography into the NIL patterning process. This technique uses a hybrid mask-mold that has...

Nanoimprint lithography ~NIL! is a paradigm-shift method that has shown sub-10-nm resolution, high throughput, and low cost. To make NIL a next-generation lithography tool to replace conventional lithography, one must demonstrate the needed overlay accuracy in multilayer NIL, large-area uniformity, and low defect density. Here, we present the fabrication of 60-nm channel metal–oxide–semiconduct...

-Melanocyte–stimulating hormone ( -MSH) is a natriuretic peptide derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary neurointermediate lobe (NIL); its plasma concentration in rats doubles after ingestion of a high (HSD; 8% NaCl) compared with a low sodium diet (LSD; 0.07%). Because NIL function is regulated through dopaminergic pathways, we asked whether dopaminergic stimulation with bromo...

The mineralisation kinetics of petroleum refinery effluent (PRE) by Fenton oxidation were evaluated. Within the ambit of the experimental data generated, first-order kinetic model (FKM), generalised lumped kinetic model (GLKM), and generalized kinetic model (GKM) were tested. The obtained apparent kinetic rate constants for the initial oxidation step (k'2), their final oxidation step (k'1), and...