Ma'ruf Karkhi is the pioneer of Sufism in Baghdad. He played a significant role in shifting Sufism from asceticism to mysticism. A study of his words and ideas shows that he was the first to define Sufism. He defines Sufism as perceiving the truths, expressing the subtlelties, and keeping off the people. His definition has attracted scholars such as Nicholson who studied Sufism. The present pap...

  Optical spatial screening solitons in photorefractive crystals in a one-dimensional case based on Kukhtarev model is studied. The new numerical scheme according to the Crank-Nicholson method accompanied by the central difference method is introduced to find the bright soliton solution. Simulation of the propagation is performed to show the dynamical evolution of solitons and check their stabi...