Novel organic redox systems that display multistage behaviour are highly sought-after for a series of applications such as batteries or electrochromic materials. Here we describe simple strategy to transfer well-known two-electron active bipyridine and phenanthroline architectures into novel strongly reducing four-electron featuring fully reversible events with up five stable oxidation states. ...

Host-guest interactions are an attractive approach to design redox electrolytes, enabling precisely tune the key properties for flow batteries such as half-cell potential, solubility, and stability. Herein we report a host-guest complex of highly water soluble (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin with 1-decyl-1′-ethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dibromide anolyte in new aqueous organic battery (AORFB). The s...