the basic purpose of the fulfillment this research has been the appointment of economical evaluation indexes of aqua-agriculture reservoirs in golestan province. the method of information gathering in this research has been in way survey and in method census from 42 of aqua-agriculture reservoirs that information necessary to complete questionnaire has prepared. result showed the highest and lo...

BACKGROUND We sought to assess the benefit-risk balance of FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS We used generalized pairwise comparisons. This statistical method permits the simultaneous analysis of several prioritized outcome measures. The first priority outcome was survival time (OS). Differences in OS that exceeded two months were con...

Batesian mimicry, the resemblance of palatable organisms to an aversive model, is a well documented phenomenon in biology. Resemblance to the model, however, frequently seems to be inaccurate for unknown reasons (Edmunds, 2000). Recently, Johnstone (2002) modelled a scenario where kin selection can lead to the evolution of inaccurate mimics. The model assumes that if mimics are relatively frequ...

Automatic milking systems (AMS) offer relief from the demanding routine of milking. Although many AMS are in use in Europe and a few are used in the United States, the potential benefit for American farms is uncertain. A farm-simulation model was used to determine the long-term, whole-farm effect of implementing AMS on farm sizes of 30 to 270 cows. Highest farm net return to management and unpa...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the economic costs and benefits of fortifying grain with folic acid to prevent neural tube defects. METHODS A cost-benefit analysis based on the US population, using the human capital approach to estimate the costs associated with preventable neural tube defects, was conducted. RESULTS Under a range of assumptions about discount rates, bas...

To which groups of patients can the results of clinical trials be applied? This question is often inappropriately answered by reference to the trial entry criteria. Instead, the benefit and harm (adverse events, discomfort of treatment, etc) of treatment could be assessed separately for individual patients. Patients at greatest risk of a disease will have the greatest net benefit as benefit to ...

Introduction: This work investigates whether to conduct a medical study from the point of view of the expected net benefit taking into account statistical power, time and cost. The hypothesis of this paper is that the expected net benefit is equal to zero. Methods: Information were obtained from a pilot medical study that investigates the effects of two diagnostic modalities, magnetic resonance...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To estimate the net financial benefit of neonatal screening for phenylketonuria (PKU): by a simple pooling of cost data from the literature; and by a more complex modelling approach. DESIGN A systematic literature review was conducted to identify papers containing data on the monetary costs and benefits of neonatal screening for PKU. The methodological quality of the studies w...