Long-chain fatty acids have been shown to suppress appetite and reduce energy intake (EI) by stimulating the release of gastrointestinal hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK). The effect of NEFA acyl chain length on these parameters is not comprehensively understood. An in vitro screen tested the capacity of individual NEFA (C12 to C22) to trigger CCK release. There was a gradient in CCK relea...

There is emerging evidence to show that high levels of NEFA contribute to endothelial dysfunction and impaired insulin sensitivity. However, the impact of NEFA composition remains unclear. A total of ten healthy men consumed test drinks containing 50 g of palm stearin (rich in SFA) or high-oleic sunflower oil (rich in MUFA) on separate occasions; a third day included no fat as a control. The fa...

The effect of ischemia on the myocardial content of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), triacylglycerol, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids assayed with gas-liquid chromatography was studied in an open-chest dog preparation. Ischemia was induced by partial occlusion of the left interventricular coronary artery during 120 minutes (n=20). Tissue content of the lipid classes was assessed in biops...

Emerging evidence suggests that TLR (Toll-like receptor) 4 and downstream pathways [MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB)] play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and saturated NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) activate TLR4, and plasma concentrations of these TLR4 ligands are elevated in obesity and Type 2 dia...

In spontaneously fasting birds such as penguins, below a body mass threshold corresponding to the phase II-phase III transition, a metabolic and hormonal shift occurs and feeding behaviour is stimulated ('refeeding signal'). The major aim of this study was to determine whether a decrease in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release from adipose tissue could be a component of this signal. Lipolyt...

Continuous infusions of 2-[3H]glycerol and 1-[14C]palmitate were performed in vivo in rainbow trout to measure the effects of prolonged swimming on (1) the rate of appearance of glycerol (Ra glycerol or lipolytic rate), (2) the rate of appearance of non-esterified fatty acids (Ra NEFA) and (3) the rate of triacylglycerol:fatty acid cycling (TAG:FA cycling or re-esterification). Our goals were t...

Postprandial plasma triglyceride (ppTG) and NEFA clearance were stratified by plasma acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) and gender to determine the contribution of fasting ASP in a normal population (70 men; 71 women). In the highest ASP tertile only, ASP decreased over 8 h (90 +/- 9.7 nM to 70 +/- 5.9 nM, P<0.05 males; 61.9 +/- 4.0 nM to 45.6 +/- 6.2 nM, P<0.01 females). Fasting ASP correlate...

Fatty acids are the preferred oxidative substrates of the heart, skeletal muscles, kidney cortex and liver in adult mammals. They are supplied to these tissues either as nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAI, or as triglycerides after hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase. During fetal life, tissue capacity to oxidize NEFA is very low, even in species in which the placental transfer of NEFA and carnitine...

OBJECTIVE Lipotoxicity and ectopic fat deposition reduce insulin signaling. It is not clear whether excess fat deposition in nonadipose tissue arises from excessive fatty acid delivery from adipose tissue or from impaired adipose tissue storage of ingested fat. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate this we used a whole-body integrative physiological approach with multiple and simultaneou...

The concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma increases after an injection of heparin (1). Apparently a lipase released into the blood (2, 3) hydrolyzes the neutral fat in chylomicrons (4) and promotes both the reduction of turbidity in the plasma and removal of fatty acids to tissues. If the small amounts of NEFA normally present in blood arise from hydrolysis of circulating...