Hurricane intensification has been studied by scientists for decades and one phenomenon that appears to always accompany the intensification is the presence of hot towers of cumulous clouds that stretches to 15 km high, touching the top of the troposphere (Figure 1a &b). The hypothesis of Hot towers was first proposed in 1958 by Riehl and Malkus (Anthes, 1999), who wrote in conclusion from thei...

In the era of Chandra and XMM-Newton, the detection (or nondetection) of diffuse and/or point-like X-ray sources within planetary nebulae (PNe) yields important, unique insight into PN shaping processes. Diffuse X-ray sources, whether due to “hot bubbles” or to collimated outflows or jets, allow us to probe the energetic shocks within PN wind interaction regions. Meanwhile, X-ray point sources ...

Ligand-free Pd(OAc)2 was found to catalyze very efficiently the direct C2-arylation of benzothiophene derivatives under low catalyst concentration. The reaction can be performed employing as little as 0.5-0.1 mol-% catalyst with electron-deficient and some electron-rich aryl bromides. The presence of a methyl or a formyl substituent at C3 of benzothiophene has a minor influence on the reactivit...

Aires, Ciencia y Tecnología, and by Grant 02782 from Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina, to A.E.M. The authors wish to express their thanks to Carlos Baratti and Cristina Acevedo for facilitating the use of the hot plate. María de los Angeles D ́Ambros and Pablo Gomez contributed to the training of rats for this experiment. Correspondence concerning this articl...

International evidence suggests that educational reform’s progress depends on teachers’ individual and collective capacity and its link with schoolwide capacity for promoting pupils’ learning. Building capacity is therefore critical. Capacity is a complex blend of motivation, skill, positive learning, organisational conditions and culture, and infrastructure of support. Put together, it gives i...

We propose an object recognition scheme based on a method for feature extraction from gray level images that corresponds to recent statistical theory, called pmjection pursuit, and is derived from a biologically motivated feature extracting neuron. To evaluate the performance of this method we use a set of very detailed psychophysical three-dimensional object recognition experiments (Biilthoff ...

Research on cooperative learning is one of the greatest success stories in the history of educational research. While there was some research on this topic from the early days of this century, the amount and quality of that research greatly accelerated in the early 1970's, and continues unabated today, a quarter-century later. Hundreds of studies have compared cooperative learning to various co...

Michaela Riediger Research Scientist Center for Lifespan Psychology Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin, Germany Every once in a while, we all encounter situations in which we think about what we want to attain, maintain, or avoid in the future. No matter which goals we set ourselves in such situations—to spend more time with friends, learn Spanish, find a better-paid job, lose we...

Scholarly peer review relies on rigorous yet fair assessments of articles by qualified referees in a timely manner. We considered the extent to which a prolonged peer-review process can delay the dissemination of results in a conservation context by combining insight from a survey with our own perspectives. A survey of authors who published peer-reviewed articles in biodiversity and conservatio...

University lectures are increasingly recorded or reproduced and made available to students online. This paper aggregates and critically reviews the associated literature, thematically organised in response to four questions. In response to the first question does student attendance decrease when online content is made available research indicates that students primarily use digital content for ...