PURPOSE To measure the concentrations of various cytokines in the aqueous humor from patients with different stages of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS All selected cataract patients were categorized into 4 groups: the control group (patients without diabetes), nonretinopathy (NDR) group (diabetic patients without retinopathy), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group, and proliferativ...

Bio-inspired computing promises fundamentally different ways to advances in artificial intelligence with extreme energy efficiency. Memristive technologies due the non-volatility, high density, low-power, and synaptic bionic properties can help realizing bio-inspired architecture its hardware implementation. This paper proposes a novel physics-oriented memristor model coexistence of negative di...

Kif23 kinesin is an essential actor of cytokinesis in animals. It exists as two major isoforms, known as MKLP1 and CHO1, the longest of which, CHO1, contains two HXRXXS/T NDR/LATS kinase consensus sites. We demonstrate that these two sites are readily phosphorylated by NDR and LATS kinases in vitro, and this requires the presence of an upstream -5 histidine residue. We further show that these s...

Cell communication is essential for eukaryotic development, but our knowledge of molecules and mechanisms required for intercellular communication is fragmentary. In particular, the connection between signal sensing and regulation of cell polarity is poorly understood. In the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora crassa, germinating spores mutually attract each other and subsequently fuse. During t...

Heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α), a key player in the establishment and maintenance of higher-order chromatin regulates key cellular processes, including metaphase chromatid cohesion and centromere organization. However, how HP1α controls these processes is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that post-translational modifications of HP1α dictate its mitotic functions. HP1α is constitutive...

Electrostatically tunable negative differential resistance (NDR) is demonstrated in monolithic metal-semiconductor-metal (Al-Ge-Al) nanowire (NW) heterostructures integrated in back-gated field-effect transistors (FETs). Unambiguous signatures of NDR even at room temperature are attributed to intervalley electron transfer. At yet higher electric fields, impact ionization leads to an exponential...

This communication reports an asymmetric charge transport with a large rectification ratio and finely featured NDR (negative differential resistance) by d-orbitals of a neutral ruthenium(ii) complex with a C(2) axis of symmetry.

Key regulatory genes, suppressed by Polycomb and H3K27me3, become active during normal differentiation and induced reprogramming. Using the well-characterized enhancer/promoter pair of MYOD1 as a model, we have identified a critical role for enhancers in reprogramming. We observed an unexpected nucleosome-depleted region (NDR) at the H3K4me1-enriched enhancer at which transcriptional regulators...

The dependence of band-to-band tunneling in p+-Si1−xGex /n+-Si1−xGex homojunctions on Ge fraction and electric field is investigated in the range 2–3×108 V/m. Negative differential resistance (NDR) in forward bias is observed for each device with the highest peak tunneling-current density of 8.2 kA/cm2 without any postannealing step. Reverse-biased band-to-band tunneling, as relevant for tunnel...