It has been observed that folie acid (2) or citrovorum factor (1) will prevent the anti-leukemic ac tion of folie acid antagonists. We have reported that desoxyribonucleic acid (5) and vitamin Bi2 (7) will partially prevent the anti-leukemic action of 4-aminopteroylglutamic acids, and have more re cently observed that a combination of thymidine, adenylic, guanylic, and cytidylic acids or DNA pl...

In this paper, we present a hybrid chain coding based scheme for contours and binary image compression and reconstruction. The proposed scheme comprises of a lossless and a lossy parts. This scheme is designed in such a way to generate extensive number of replicate links in the contours that can be assembled according to our (n10, 5) rule that can be highly compressed. Furthermore, for the loss...

It has been shown, for non-Communist developed and developing countries, that earlier development of agriculture, a dense population, and a state-level polity is associated with a higher income and more rapid economic growth in the late 20 Century. We investigate whether this was also the case for countries under Communism and for the same countries in transition to a market economy. Our findin...

This paper provides a theory of the interactions between democratization and the emergence of rule of law. Heterogeneous individuals can make costly investments in protection against expropriation by others and the state. The public enforcement of property rights, whose cost depends on these investments, is chosen by the politically enfranchised population. We characterize the dynamic evolution...

A new type of large area metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system for the growth of high quality and large size ZnO materials is introduced. Materials properties of the un-doped, nand p-doped ZnO epi-films grown on sapphire substrates by this MOCVD system are studied by various techniques, including high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible optical transmission (OT), pho...

Aluminum is a major rock-forming element, but its low solubility in H2O at upper crustal conditions has led to the assumption that it is effectively immobile during fluid–rock interaction in the deep crust and upper mantle. However, new experimental results on Al solubility in H2O–SiO2–NaCl fluids at high pressure and temperature challenge this view. The combined effects of temperature, pressur...

The ZTP riboswitch is a widespread family of regulatory RNAs that upregulate de novo purine synthesis in response to increased intracellular levels of ZTP or ZMP. As an important intermediate in purine biosynthesis, ZMP also serves as a proxy for the concentration of N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate, a key component of one-carbon metabolism. Here, we report the structure of the ZTP riboswitch bound ...

Hobbes to Rousseau: Inequality, Institutions, and Development This paper studies the endogenous evolution of economic and political institutions and the interdependencies with the process of economic development. Favorable economic institutions in form of a social contract that ensures a state of law and the absence of societal conflict are not assumed exogenously under certain political system...

An apyrase (NTP/NDPase) implicated in the response of Mimosa pudica to stimuli, such as touch, has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. While purifying and characterizing this enzyme, it was observed that a chromophore is associated with it, having absorption in the ultraviolet-A/blue region of the spectrum. The absorbance maximum of the chromophore, purified from the enzym...