1.1. Strictly Cyclic Modules and Modular Right Ideals. For a ring A with identity, cyclic modules are precisely those of the form a\A where a is a right ideal. What might be a useful analogous statement for a ring without identity? This question motivates what follows in this subsection. A module M is strictly cyclic if there exists m in M such that mA = M (such an m is called a generator); a r...

The notions of N-subalgebras and N-closed ideals in BCH-algebras are introduced, and the relation between N-subalgebras and N-closed ideals is considered. Characterizations of Nsubalgebras andN-closed ideals are provided. Using special subsets,N-subalgebras andN-closed ideals are constructed. A condition for anN-subalgebra to be anN-closed ideal is discussed. Given an N-structure, the greatestN...

Although internalization of the thin ideal has been extensively researched and is now regarded as a risk factor for eating disturbance, endorsement of the firm, athletic body ideal has received only minimal attention. This short-term longitudinal study explored whether internalization of two aspects of the current cultural ideal (thinness and athleticism) prospectively predicted three potential...

By a multi-pointed category we mean a category C equipped with a so called ideal of null morphisms, i.e. a class N of morphisms satisfying f ∈ N ∨ g ∈ N ⇒ fg ∈ N for any composable pair f, g of morphisms. Such categories are precisely the categories enriched in the category of pairs X = (X,N) where X is a set and N is a subset of X, whereas a pointed category has the same enrichment, but restri...

Let (S,n) be a 2-dimensional regular local ring and let I = (f, g) be an ideal in S generated by a regular sequence f, g of length two. Let I∗ be the leading ideal of I in the associated graded ring grn(S), and set R = S/I and m = n/I. In [GHK2], we prove that if μG(I ∗) = n, then I∗ contains a homogeneous system {ξi}1≤i≤n of generators such that deg ξi + 2 ≤ deg ξi+1 for 2 ≤ i ≤ n−1, and htG(ξ...

2. Primary ideals in C(X). C(X) denotes the ring of real-valued continuous functions on the topological space X, under ordinary pointwise addition and multiplication. By a primary ideal we mean an ideal which is contained in at most one maximal ideal. An O-ideal is an ideal / such that for each pair/i,/2G/ there exists eEI, depending on/i and f2, such that/<«=/.-, for i = l, 2 [7; 4]. A prime-l...

in this paper, various elementary properties of vague rings are obtained. furthermore, the concepts of vague subring, vague ideal, vague prime ideal and vague maximal ideal are introduced, and the validity of some relevant classical results in these settings are investigated.

Tomas Sauer conjectured that if an ideal complements polynomials of degree less than n, then it is contained in a larger ideal that complements polynomials of degree less than n− 1. We construct a counterexample to this conjecture for polynomials in three variables and with n = 3.

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. In this paper we define the notion of almost primary ideal. An ideal of a ring R is said to be an almost primary ideal if for a, b ∈ R with ab ∈ I − I2 then a ∈ I or bn ∈ I for some n ∈ N. We prove that in Noetherian domains almost primary ideals are primary. Mathematics Subject Classification: 13A15