Inside cells, various cargos are transported by teams of molecular motors. Intriguingly, the motors involved generally have opposite pulling directions, and the resulting cargo dynamics is a biased stochastic motion. It is an open question how the cell can control this bias. Here we develop a model which takes explicitly into account the elastic coupling of the cargo with each motor. We show th...

The movement of a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) is provided by motors, however, it is hard to control and predict the motors speed. A cascade Proportional, Integration, and Derivation (PID) controller is presented in this study to achieve the purpose of motors speed controlling. In order to test the controller, a differential drive wheeled mobile robot (DWMR) platform is used. The platform is inte...

When parameters are varied periodically, charge can be pumped through a mesoscopic conductor without applied bias. Here, we consider the inverse effect in which a transport current drives a periodic variation of an adiabatic degree of freedom. This provides a general operating principle for adiabatic quantum motors which we discuss here in general terms. We relate the work performed per cycle o...

In the present study, field oriented control of step motor implementation has been analyzed sothat it can make a Sensorless control. Efficiency and Facilities of step motor is more than othertypes of electromotor. Therefore, the numbers of mechanisms and different types of turning canbe made into them. Also controlling these motors is easier than other available motors. Steppingmotor has been d...

Eukaryotic cells create internal order by using protein motors to transport molecules and organelles along cytoskeletal tracks. Recent genomic and functional studies suggest that five cargo-carrying motors emerged in primitive eukaryotes and have been widely used throughout evolution. The complexity of these "Toolbox" motors expanded in higher eukaryotes through gene duplication, alternative sp...

Molecular motor proteins are crucial for the proper distribution of organelles and vesicles in cells. Much of our current understanding of how motors function stems from studies of single motors moving cargos in vitro. More recently, however, there has been mounting evidence that the cooperation of multiple motors in moving cargos and the regulation of motor-filament affinity could be key mecha...

The fascinating molecular motors ubiquitous in biological systems offer a great source of inspiration for the design of artificial motors and in the quest to achieve controlled movement at the molecular level. Synthetic chemists are involved in the challenging endeavor to exploit ormimic the properties of these intriguingmolecules found in nature. Movement in biological systems can be divided i...

Cells modulate themselves in response to the surrounding environment like substrate elasticity, exhibiting structural reorganization driven by the contractility of cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is the scaffolding structure of eukaryotic cells, playing a central role in many mechanical and biological functions. It is composed of a network of actins, actin cross-linking proteins (ACPs), and mole...

Molecular motors and cytoskeletal filaments work collectively most of the time under opposing forces. This opposing force may be due to cargo carried by motors or resistance coming from the cell membrane pressing against the cytoskeletal filaments. Some recent studies have shown that the collective maximum force (stall force) generated by multiple cytoskeletal filaments or molecular motors may ...