Substitution-for-Morphine (SDS) Test. Male and female rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) weighing 2.5-7.5 kg were used, and they received 3 mg/kg, s.c., of morphine.SO4 every 6 hr. All the animals had received morphine for at least 3 months and were maximally dependent on morphine (Seevers and Deneau 1963). A minimal 2-week recuperation period was allowed between tests. At least 3 monkeys/dose were us...

introduction: although tolerance to and dependence on opioids are characterized by excessive activity of camp pathway in some brain stem nuclei, the impact of morphine dependence on activity of camp pathway in paragigantocellularis nucleus (pgi), located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, remains unclear. therefore, the effect of adenyl cyclase activator forskolin on spontaneous firing rate ...

Background and Objective: Regarding inefficiency of common drugs used for alleviation of anxiety due to narcotics withdrawal, the present study was evaluated methadone and haloperidol co-drugs therapy on anxiety due to morphine withdrawal. Materials and Methods: Ninety eight NMRI male mice were divided into acute and chronic experimental groups. Then, each group was divided into 7 subgroups: sa...

The aim of present study was to assess the effects of chronic administration of calcium-magnesium soft gels on the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. Tolerance was assessed using the tail-pinch test and withdrawal signs of morphine were precipitated by injecting naloxone 2 h after the final morphine injection. CalMag capsules were given in final doses of 50/25, 25/12.5 an...

abrupt cessation of morphine leads to withdrawal signs and cognitive deficits. endocannabinoid system is activated during withdrawal; therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of am281, cannabinoid antagonist/inverse agonist, on memory deficit following spontaneous morphine withdrawal. cognition was evaluated by using the object recognition task. the novel object recogni...

Objectives: Opioid addiction is associated with long-term adaptive changes in the brain that involve glial activation. Agmatine is an amine formed by the decarboxylation of l-arginine by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase. It binds to α2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptors, and selectively blocks N-methyl-Daspartate receptors. Agmatine treatment was reported to have various biological actions. ...

Objectives: Opioid addiction is associated with long-term adaptive changes in the brain that involve glial activation. Agmatine is an amine formed by the decarboxylation of l-arginine by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase. It binds to α2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptors, and selectively blocks N-methyl-Daspartate receptors. Agmatine treatment was reported to have various biological actions. ...

carum copticum from apiaceae family has several biological effects including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic and antispasmodic activities. this study was designed to evaluate its effect on suppression of naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal signs. hydroalcoholic and polyphenolic extracts were prepared according to the standard methods. male mice (25-30 g) were made dependent by subcuta...

Opiate dependence develops due to changes in intracellular signaling caused by long-term exposure to morphine. Here we investigated changes in the mRNA expression of the main classes of G-protein alpha (Galpha) subunits in various brain regions in morphine-dependent rats. Rats received increasing doses of morphine, 10-50 mg/kg, b.i.d., for 14 days. G-protein alpha-subunit mRNA expression was de...