OS resource management policies traditionally employ buffering to “smooth out” fluctuations in resource demand. By minimizing the length of idle periods and the level of contention during non-idle periods, such smoothing tends to maximize overall throughput and minimize the latency of individual requests. For certain important devices, however (disks, network interfaces, or even computational e...

externality An economically significant effect of an activity, the consequences of which are borne (at least in part) by parties other than the party who engages in the activity, and which are not accounted for through trade. diffusion The gradual adoption of new process or product innovations by firms and individuals. innovation The initial market introduction or commercialization of new proce...

The three features in this Update address three pressing issues of sustainability: eco-efficiency of built infrastructure (p 1); the peak oil debate (p 11); and the possible impacts of climate change (p 12). Such topics are generally discussed separately but, when considered together, they suggest a future in which the need for adaptation – of technologies, societal structures, and lifestyles –...

Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy is commonly used to monitor protein interactions with filter-based imaging systems, which require spectral bleedthrough (or cross talk) correction to accurately measure energy transfer efficiency (E). The double-label (donor+acceptor) specimen is excited with the donor wavelength, the acceptor emission provided the uncorrected FRET signal and ...

in wireless sensor networks, optimal consumptionof energy and having maximum life time are important factors. in this article attempt has been made to send the data packets with particular reliability from the beginning based on aodv protocol. in this way two new fields add to the routing packets and during routing and discovering of new routes, the lowest remained energy of nodes and route tra...