Moral decisions are considered as an intuitive process, while conscious reasoning is mostly used only to justify those intuitions. This problem is described in few different dual-process theories of mind, that are being developed e.g. by Frederick and Kahneman, Stanovich and Evans. Those theories recently evolved into tri-process theories with a proposed process that makes ultimate decision or ...

I offer a new approach to teaching ethics that offers a heuristic for moral reasoning and attempts to inculcate a habitual process of moral reasoning. I use a variety of theories from ethics, philosophy of mind, and psychology to create what I call Sympathetic Moral Reasoning. In this paper, I explain my initial motivations for this approach as well as some of my theoretical inspirations in dev...

Joshua Greene has argued that several lines of empirical research, including his own fMRI studies of brain activity during moral decisionmaking, comprise strong evidence against the legitimacy of deontology as a moral theory. This is because, Greene maintains, the empirical studies establish that “typically deontological” moral thinking is driven by prepotent emotional reactions which are not a...

How do humans or machines make a decision? Whenever we make a decision, we consider our preferences over the possible options. Also, in a social context, collective decisions are made by aggregating the preferences of the individuals. AI systems that support individual and collective decision making have been studied for a long time, and several preference modelling and reasoning frameworks hav...

Introduction It has been known for quite a while that traditional ethical theories have very counterintuitive and paradoxical implications for questions concerning procreation and our moral duties to future generations. Classical Utilitarianism, for example, seems to imply that we have a moral duty to procreate and that we should try to have as many off-springs as possible. More disturbingly, i...

this article concerns the contradiction between holly religious scripts and the knowledge system of modern world. this contradiction can be studied into two levels: first the contradiction between new scientific theories and the ontological verses in holly scripts; the second one is the contradiction between moral statements based on celestial verses and modern ethical system. this article stud...

Children are proficient integrators of stimulus information. They have followed the three mathematical laws of information integration in several areas of psychology, especially in moral cognition (e.g., Anderson, 1980, 1983, 1991c, 1996a, Chapters 6 and 8). These integration laws provide effective theory for studying cognitive processes through their development. These laws not only mirror th...

Leviticus 11 presents dietary laws, specifying which animals are "clean" ( edible) and "unclean" (inedible). Nine major theories to account for these dietary laws are described in this paper, giving arguments pro and con regarding each. The theories discussed are the Obedience Testing, Arbitrary Divine Command, Assertion of Divine Authority, Moral Discipline, Hygiene, Spiritual Symbolism, Pagan...

Moral judgments, we expect, ought not to depend on luck. A person should be blamed only for actions and outcomes that were under the person's control. Yet often, moral judgments appear to be influenced by luck. A father who leaves his child by the bath, after telling his child to stay put and believing that he will stay put, is judged to be morally blameworthy if the child drowns (an unlucky ou...