Woody encroachment is occurring in grasslands worldwide, with largely unknown effects on local carbon and water fluxes and the energy balance. Water-use efficiency (λ) is a measure of carbon assimilation per evapotranspiration. Here, a was compared among three different grassland ecosystems in eastern KS, USA, by using the eddy covariance technique. Variation in λ was examined at multiple times...

This study introduces a top-down strategy for model evaluation and selection under uncertainty in which watershed model structures with increasing complexity are applied to twelve watersheds across a hydro-climatic gradient within the United States (US). The models’ complexities and their related assumptions provide an indication of the dominant controls on the watershed response at the interan...

Spatially distributed monthly evapotranspiration (ET) rates over the 2000–2009 period were specified for the three states [Colorado (CO), Kansas (KS), Nebraska (NE)] sharing the Republican River basin with the help of a calibration-free ETestimation method using Moderate Resolution (of about one km) Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Mean annual ET rate is 444 mm [i.e., 103% of the mean an...

The parameterization of crop coefficients (kc) is critical for determining a water balance. We used satellite-based and literature-based methods to derive kc values for a distributed hydrologic model. We evaluated the impact of different kc parametrization methods on the water balance and simulated hydrologic response at the basin and sub-basin scale. The hydrological model SPHY was calibrated ...

Water loss has become a problem with the balance of water system, including one in industry. General opinion considered evaporation as main justifications for explaining loss, especially area higher daily temperature. A study was conducted on wastewater treatment system owned by manufacturing industry consisting semi-open-air sedimentation and aeration ponds, which suddenly experienced signific...

A common problem is the requirement for time series data at a frequency higher than that which is available. This often arises in the production of quarterly National Accounts where the accounting framework demands inputs which are not available that frequently. The situation can also arise in the production of monthly outputs such as the Index of Services or monthly Balance of Payments where s...

Funding information U.S. Department of the Interior Southeast Climate Center; U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center; U.S. Geological Survey National Water Census Abstract 1. Streamflow is essential for maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems and for supporting human water supply needs. Changes in climate, land use and water use practi...

[1] Developments in analysis and modeling of continental water and energy balances are hindered by the limited availability and quality of observational data. The lack of information on error characteristics of basin water supply is an especially serious limitation. Here we describe the development and testing of methods for quantifying several errors in basin mean precipitation, both in the lo...