The prognosis of patients with biliary cancers is poor. Although surgery is potentially curative in selected patients, local recurrence is a common pattern of failure. Adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiation therapy improves local control and possibly survival. In locally advanced patients, radiation therapy provides palliation and may prolong survival. Concurrently administered chemotherapy may furt...

Radiation therapy is a non-invasive treatment modality for cancer patients. Radiation therapy treatment planning for cancer patients provides many challenging optimization problems. Various variables of a treatment plan need to be optimized so that the resulting plan can kill all cancerous cells while minimizing damage on the patient’s normal tissues. Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) h...

Medical physics can be generally defined as a field in which applied physics techniques are used in medicine. Traditionally, medical physics deals chiefly with the use of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. In radiation therapy, ionizing radiation is used to treat a wide variety of cancers through external-beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy. Medical phy...

Abstract The role of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy for retinoblastoma has evolved considerably over the years with efficacy intraarterial chemotherapy high incidence secondary malignant neoplasms following therapy. use spot scanning intensity‐modulated proton may reduce risk malignancies. For pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma, current standard care is induction followed by chemo...

Introduction: Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) is a common method for treating prostate cancers. Different IMRT methods can apply for irradiating the prostate, but there is not clear that which of these methods can provide better dose distribution for each patient individually. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the different prosta...