BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate if early treatment with levodopa has a beneficial disease modifying effect on Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms and functional health, improves the ability to (maintain) work, and reduces the use of (informal) care, caregiver burden, and costs. Additionally, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of early levodopa treatment will be assessed. MET...

In many languages, the mechanism of protected members is critical to making inheritance work. It allows access to some of the internals of a base class B to the designer of a derived class D, while denying it to clients of B. We develop an axiomatic approach in which class behavior is speciied in terms of an abstract speciication AND a concrete speciication, the former for use by a client, the ...

Adding small code snippets at key points to existing code fragments is called instrumentation. It is an established technique to debug certain otherwise hard to solve faults, such as memory management issues and data races. Dynamic instrumentation can already be used to analyse code which is loaded or even generated at run time. With the advent of environments such as the Java Virtual Machine w...

Self-modifying code (SMC), in this paper, broadly refers to any program that purposely loads, generates, or mutates code at runtime. It is widely used in many of the world’s critical software systems to support runtime code generation and optimization, dynamic loading and linking, OS kernel boot-loading, just-in-time compilation, binary translation, virtual machine monitor, or dynamic code encr...

INTRODUCTION The moment when a physician raises the possibility of discontinuing palliative chemotherapy at the end of life is a critical moment in the illness, and a difficult conversation. Expert recommendations cite the importance of giving bad news in these situations but there is limited research addressing how physicians should discuss transitions in goals of care from disease-modifying t...

Through all kingdoms of life RNAs are modified as, or after, they are synthesized. The types and sites of modification are often conserved, implying conservation of function. Many of these modifications are located at key functional regions of the ribosome or other RNAs. The enzymes that carry out the modifications exhibit unique or limited multisite specificity. Substrate recognition by RNA-mo...