Background and Purpose—A perceived weakness of the modified Rankin Scale is potential for interobserver variability. We undertook a systematic review of modified Rankin Scale reliability studies. Methods—Two researchers independently reviewed the literature. Crossdisciplinary electronic databases were interrogated using the following key words: Stroke*; Cerebrovasc*; Modified Rankin*; Rankin Sc...

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We examine the implications of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) on the large scale structure in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. We employ a “Jeans swindle” to write a MOND-type relationship between the fluctuations in the density and the gravitational force, g. In linear Newtonian theory, |g| decreases with time and eventually becomes < g0 , the threshold below which MOND is dominant. ...

stroke scales can be classified as clinicometric scales and functional impairment, handicap scales. all studies describing stroke scales were reviewed by internet searching engines with the final search performed on january 1, 2013. the following string of keywords was entered into search engines; stroke, scale, score and disability. despite advantages of modified national institute of health s...

objectives: the main purpose of this research was to study and contribute to an accurate test of spastic limb. the intra, inter rater reliability of the test was examined. methods: the present study was carried out in two parts in the first part of the study, the modified ashworth scale with intermediate scores (asis) was studied. during the second part of the study the intra, inter rater relia...

BACKGROUND The Questionnaire on Pain caused by Spasticity (QPS) is a modular patient- and observer-reported outcome measure of spasticity-related pain (SRP) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Originally developed for an English-speaking population, we conducted a psychometric validation of a recently developed Chinese language version of the QPS. METHODS This was a prospective, observation...