Introduction: There are suspended fungal spores in the air and in the nasal mucosa of adults, especially in areas with a humid climate. Several studies have revealed the role of fungi in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in recent years but it is a topic of controversy, especially in regions with low humidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of fungal specie...

Background: Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells derived from germ cell tumors are valuable tools for investigating differentiation and developmental biology processes in vitro. The advantage of the reproducible and rapid expansion of these cell lines provides a useful alternative to embryos for the study of mammalian cell differentiation. During early stages of cell differentiation, the rate of tran...

The goal of medicine is to prevent harm as Hippocrates pointed out; “primum non nocere; first do no harm”. Has this fact been taken into account in developing Medical Education curricula in Asia? Frequency of diseases in Asia is different from high income countries (1, 2) and funds for research are lacking.  It is therefore important to allocate available funds to the most applicable issues to...

several models have been developed to estimate land degradation rate and evaluate desertification severity. this study attempts to apply the medalus (mediterranean desertification and land use) model by considering existing conditions in the hamoun wetland, located in south-eastern iran. at first identification of the main factors affecting the desertification phenomenon was attempted, based on...