in the past, mining activities have generated major acid drainage sources, which usually carry dissolved metals that flow into the main rivers of the affected basins. the study looks at natural attenuation processes in local, sub-basin and basin areas, in the el bierzo and odiel basins of spain, where coal and metal mining activities were formerly conducted. in this study, sampling and in situ ...

River networks evolve as migrating drainage divides reshape river basins and change network topology by capture of river channels. We demonstrate that a characteristic metric of river network geometry gauges the horizontal motion of drainage divides. Assessing this metric throughout a landscape maps the dynamic states of entire river networks, revealing diverse conditions: Drainage divides in t...

The impact of varying the pH of whey at whey drainage (5.9, 6.15 or 6.4) on the development of curd structure during the manufacture of Mozzarella cheese was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Dramatic changes in curd structure were apparent with stage of manufacture , in particular the stretching step which aligned the protein fibers. Of additional interest is the effect of draw ...

A major emphasis in geomorphology over the past six decades has been on the development of quantitative physiographic methods to describe the evolution and behavior of surface-drainage networks (Horton 1945; Leopold & Maddock 1953; Leopold & Wolman 1957; Abrahams 1984). These parameters have been used in various studies of geomorphology and surface-water hydrology, such as flood characteristics...

[1] Numerical landscape evolution models driven by uniform vertical uplift often develop a static drainage network and a precise balance between uplift and erosion. Small-scale physical models of uplifting drainage basins, however, continually reorganize by ridge migration and do not reach an ideal steady state. Here I show that the presence or absence of persistent drainage migration in a bedr...

water distribution method based on the type of water conduits can be divided into two groups, namely, open and closed systems, while on the basis of the energy of the water flow, the two groups are gravity flow and pressurized flow. open channel type conveyance and distribution is achieved by gravity and includes channels made by embankment construction, excavation, or construction of prefabric...