Land degradation especially as a result of the rapid increase in demand and pressure population, have emerged one most important problems. Many model approaches, regarding land desertification, been developed continue to be on world. The MEDALUS (Mediterranean Desertification Use) which is famous models has for an environment assessment program contributed by 31 groups 10 countries 1999. This i...

Given a graph $$G=(V,E)$$ and an integer k, the Minimum Membership Dominating Set (MMDS) problem seeks to find dominating set $$S \subseteq V$$ of G such that for each $$v \in , $$\vert N[v] \cap S\vert $$ is at most k. We investigate parameterized complexity obtain following results MMDS problem. First, we show NP-hard even on planar bipartite graphs. Next, W[1]-hard parameter pathwidth (and t...